Larry G. Bezark (compiler). 2016.
Checklist of the Oxypeltidae, Vesperidae, Disteniidae and Cerambycidae, (Coleoptera) of the Western Hemisphere.
2016 Edition (updated through 31 December 2015). 497 pp.
Приводим полную копию введения к Каталогу - очень много полезной обобщающей информации обо всём надсемействе в масштабе мировой фауны.
Introduction
The Cerambycidae, commonly known as longhorned beetles, longicorns, capricorns,
round-headed borers, timber beetles, goat beetles (bock-kafern), or sawyer beetles, comprise
one of the largest and most varied families of Coleoptera, with body length alone varying from
2.5 mm (Cyrtinus sp.) to slightly over 17 cm (Titanus giganteus). Distributed world-wide
from sea level to montane sites as high as 4,200 m elevation wherever their host plants are
found, cerambycids have long been a favorite with collectors. Taxonomic interest in the family
has been fairly consistent for the past century, but the description of new taxa has accelerated in
recent decades thanks to the efforts of Chemsak, Linsley, Giesbert, Martins, Monne, Galileo,
Napp, and other workers. This checklist builds upon the efforts of Blackwelder (1946),
Chemsak & Linsley (1982), Chemsak, Linsley & Noguera (1992), and Monne & Giesbert
(1994), and presently includes nearly 9,000 described species and subspecies, covering the
terrestrial hemisphere from Canada and Alaska to Argentina and Chile, and including the
Caribbean arc.
Adult Cerambycidae, upon which most taxonomic studies in the family have been
based, vary widely in their habits. Some species are nocturnal, many are attracted to artificial
light, and they also may be found at night on the trunks and branches of their host plants, or on
foliage. Diurnal species also may be found on or near their host plants, but many species are
attracted to blossoms of shrubs and trees, where they may serve as pollinators. Most adult
Cerambycidae are capable of strong flight, but there are a number of flightless genera and
species. Adult feeding requirements are variable, with some species taking nourishment from
sap, leaves, blossoms, fruit, bark, and fungi, often not associated with a larval host, while
others take little or no nourishment beyond water. The well-developed antennae which are one
of the defining characteristics of the family serve as primary olfactory organs, and are
remarkably sensitive in locating suitable host plants for oviposition, often at great distances.
Male cerambycid antennae usually are longer than those of the females, and may be used to
find reproductive partners by tracking the pheromones produced by the females.
Chemical communication plays an important role in mate location and recognition in
many cerambycid species. Short-range mate recognition is mediated by contact pheromones in
most species studied to date. Males recognize conspecific females by contacting them with
their antennae and the selective advantage to males conferred by antennae of increased length is
a possible reason for the long "horns" of many cerambycid species.
There appears to be variation in whether cerambycids use volatile pheromones or not,
as well as variation in which sex produces the pheromone. For example, there is evidence that
females of many prionine species produce pheromones from eversible glands on the ovipositor.
Females of the anoplodermatine, Migdolus fryanus Westwood, produce a volatile pheromone
from glands on the prothorax. Volatile pheromones are produced by males of
several species in the subfamily Aseminae, although the site of pheromone release remains
unknown. Males of many cerambycine species produce pheromones from glands associated
with pits in the surface of prothorax. These pits account for the sexually dimorphic punctation
of many cerambycines and may provide a convenient morphological indication that a species
uses a volatile pheromone. To date, there is little or no evidence of communication by volatile
pheromones in species of the subfamilies Disteniinae, Lamiinae, Lepturinae, Parandrinae, or
Spondylidinae.
Methods used to collect adult Cerambycidae include: sweeping or beating branches and
foliage; attracting them to UV and MV lights, and to various types of chemical baits; and hand-
picking specimens from host plants or from blossoms. More recently, fumigation ("fogging")
methods have been employed to survey canopy insect faunas, often yielding astounding
numbers of longhorned beetles. Passive traps such as malaise, flight intercept, and even pitfalls
also may be used, and are particularly effective over longer periods of time. Rearing adults
from infested wood can be productive of series of both sexes of otherwise rarely encountered
species.
Larval Cerambycidae also display a variety of habits. Most species feed within dead,
dying or even decaying wood, but some taxa are able to utilize living plant tissue. Girdlers
(adults of the Onciderini, larvae of genera in the tribes Methiini, Hesperophanini and
Elaphidiini) sever living branches or twigs, with the larvae developing within the nutrient-rich
distal portion. The larvae of a few species move freely through the soil, feeding externally
upon roots or tunneling up under the root crown. Digestion of cellulose appears to be aided
primarily by the presence of enzymes rather than symbiotic microorganisms. In many cases,
Cerambycidae are primary borers in woody plants, providing a vital "first step" in the
biological recycling of these materials. Larval feeding habits typically result in frass-filled
galleries or tunnels under the bark or within the sapwood of the host plant, terminating in a
pupal chamber, wherein the metamorphosis from last-instar larva to pupa to adult takes place.
The life spans of most species in temperate regions typically range from one to three years, but
many variations exist, and cycles of from two or three months to several decades have been
documented. Tropical species may be less constrained seasonally, and some populations of
smaller genera literally may breed continuously, with all stages being found on and in the same
pieces of wood. Most of the overall lifetime is spent in the larval stage, with adult beetles
usually emerging, dispersing, reproducing, and dying within a span of but a few days to a few
months.
Several species of cerambycid beetles are known to damage living trees, and may seriously affect orchards and ornamental trees; others may damage coniferous or hardwood lumber, and a few taxa can damage row crops. The majority of species, however occur within uncultivated or forested habitats, and while they are of great ecological importance within these natural ecosystems, they are of little human economic significance. Because of their close evolutionary linkage to their host plants, cerambycid beetles may be valuable bio-indicators of forest health and diversity, with differing suites of species found within primary forest habitats than those which occur within disturbed areas or secondary growth.
Checklist order
The checklist is now organized according to Bouchard et. al. (2011), and begins with the families Oxypeltidae, Vesperidae, and Disteniidae in addition to the traditional Cerambycidae. Subfamilies are also arranged according to Bouchard et. al (2011), for Cerambycidae in order - Parandrinae, Prioninae, Lepturinae, Spondylidinae, Necydalinae, Cerambycinae and Lamiinae. Tribal classifications within the subfamilies have not been evaluated phylogenetically, so their ordering is alphabetical. It is acknowledged that this results in the artificial separation of similar-appearing (and undoubtedly closely related) taxa (i.e., Anaglyptini - Clytini - Tillomorphini; Acanthocinini - Colobotheiini; Bothriospilini - Torneutini), and the breakup of the lamiine tribes with bifid tarsal claws. However, the functional value of a checklist is as an organizing reference tool, and for that reason-- and until such time as a tribal phylogeny has been determined-- the ordering is arranged for ease of use. Genera and species also are listed alphabetically. Citation of author, year and page number follows each taxon name, with synonymies cited in italics. Geographical distributions listed reflect the present knowledge of the authors and previous published data, and are subject to expansion as new information is contributed. An effort has been made to verify all contributed records, but the possibility exists that some erroneous identifications have led to incorrect distributional parameters for some species. These are corrected as I become aware of them. State or other provincial citations have been used where known for some larger countries to more accurately indicate known ranges. For more complete references by species, the authors refer the reader to Monne, 1993, et seq., Catalogue of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere (Parts 1 - 22), and Monne, 2005-6 (Part I, II, and III). A bibliography of systematic and distributional references is provided at the end of the checklist, as well as an index to the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera.