Результаты новейших палеонтолого-стратиграфических и геоархеологических исследований местонахождения мамонтовой фауны Волчья грива

С.В. Лещинский

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2018, 322(3): 315–332 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.315

Резюме

Волчья грива – крупнейшее в Азии местонахождение, где остатки мамонтовой фауны захоронены in situ. Оно расположено в Барабинской лесостепи (Западная Сибирь). В XX веке здесь обнаружены остатки не менее 70 мамонтов, 5 лошадей, 3 бизонов и 1 волка, а также 37 каменных артефактов. Новейшие раскопки 2015–2017 гг. на площади ~30 м² выявили более 1500 костей и зубов, из которых более 95% принадлежит мамонтам (минимум 14 особей), а остальные – лошадям (3), бизону, волку, рыжей лисице, песцу и грызунам; сопутствующих артефактов – 23 экз. При средней мощности костеносных линз ~0.3–0.5 м концентрация остатков местами превышала 130/м². По этим материалам получены 45 перекрестных 14С дат, демонстрирующих период захоронения ~20–10 тыс. л. н. Очевидно, на данной территории существовал самый южный и один из самых молодых мамонтовых рефугиумов Евразии. Главной причиной посещения мамонтами Волчьей гривы являлся благоприятный Ca-Na геохимический ландшафт зверового солонца. Во время минерального голодания он привлекал сотни крупных млекопитающих, остатки которых были захоронены в грязевых ваннах и эрозионных формах. Основные уровни костеносного горизонта формировались несколько тысяч лет, что соответствовало двум волнам геохимического стресса мегафауны: в последний гляциальный максимум и позднеледниковье. Данный процесс иллюстрируют типичные костные патологии: экзостозы, остеопороз, эрозия суставных поверхностей и др. Эти факты вместе с отсутствием прямых свидетельств охоты и следов разделки туш указывают, что Волчья грива являлась местом естественной гибели мамонтов, освоенным палеолитическим населением.

Ключевые слова

Барабинская низменность, вымирание мегафауны, Западная Сибирь, мамонтовые рефугиумы, поздний палеолит, сартанский криохрон

Поступила в редакцию 26 апреля 2018 г. · Принята в печать 31 августа 2018 г. · Опубликована 26 сентября 2018 г.

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