Синдром аномалии P у зеленых лягушек: история открытия, морфологические особенности и возможные причины возникновения

А.О. Свинин, О.А. Ермаков, С.Н. Литвинчук и И.В. Башинский

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2020, 324(1): 108–123 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.1.108

Резюме

Аномалия P у зеленых лягушек была впервые найдена во Франции в 1952 г. французским писателем и ученым Жаном Ростаном. При легкой форме проявления она включает в себя полидактилию, тогда как сложные морфологические преобразования затрагивают передние и задние конечности и включают комплекс признаков: полидактилию, брахимелию, инверсию задних конечностей, небольшие дополнительные конечности, костные выросты, опухоли и отеки в области задних конечностей. Ростан экспериментально показал, что эта аномалия не наследуется и вызывается неким фактором, получаемым из окружающей среды. Она была отмечена только у западно-палерктических представителей зеленых лягушек рода Pelophylax и отсутствовала у других видов амфибий, несмотря на их синтопичное обитание. Тяжелые случаи аномалии P долго не встречались исследователям и были вновь обнаружены спустя полвека с момента их последней регистрации. Новая находка была сделана в 2016 г. в центральной части России, в заповеднике «Приволжская лесостепь». Морфологические особенности аномальных особей лягушек на исследуемой территории оказались схожими с таковыми, описанными Ростаном. Обнаружены симметричная полидактилия, брахимелия, инверсия задних конечностей, отеки бедренной области задних конечностей, небольшие дополнительные конечности в области бедер, костные выросты, а также сопутствующие аномалии – мандибулярная гипоплазия, негнущаяся задняя конечность, несрастание оперкулярной камеры. Частота встречаемости аномалии P в изученной популяции достигала 24.7% (n = 384). Причем «тяжелые формы» аномалии были отмечены в 4.7% случаев, а «легкие» (полидактилия) – у 20.0%. Позднее в разных регионах России было обнаружено еще три популяции с тяжелыми случаями аномалии Р. Выращивание головастиков совместно с пресноводными моллюсками позволило нам получить аномалию P в лаборатории. Выявлено, что промежуточным хозяином (вектором) для «инфекционного агента» этой аномалии служит роговая катушка Planorbarius corneus. В качестве наиболее вероятной причины возникновения аномалии рассматривается заражение определенным видом трематод.

Ключевые слова

амфибии, аномалия P, Жан Ростан, зеленые лягушки, морфологические аномалии, трематоды, Pelophylax

Поступила в редакцию 21 июля 2019 г. · Принята в печать 17 февраля 2020 г. · Опубликована 24 марта 2020 г.

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