Дифференциация сообществ макробеспозвоночных и коттоидных рыб, ассоциированных с метановыми сипами различных донных ландшафтов оз. Байкал

В.Г. Сиделева и Т.Я. Ситникова

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2021, 325(4): 469–484 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.4.469

Резюме

В статье приводятся результаты исследований сообществ макробеспозвоночных и коттоидных рыб, населяющих метановые сипы оз. Байкал. Для анализа использованы видеонаблюдения и сборы животных, выполненные с помощью глубоководных обитаемых аппаратов (ГОА) «Мир», а также пробоотборников грейферного типа с борта научно-исследовательского судна. Сипы Посольская банка и Санкт-Петербург находятся в разных котловинах (южная и средняя) и на разных глубинах (300–500 м и ~1400 м), характеризуются различными подводными ландшафтами (склон подводной возвышенности и холмы, образованные газогидратами), структурой газовых гидратов и глубиной их залегания в осадках, а также составом микробных матов и сообществ микроорганизмов донных осадков. Объединяет сипы пузырьковая разгрузка газа метана и образование на сиповых биотопах высокопродуктивных сообществ крупных беспозвоночных и коттоидных рыб. Сиповые сообщества животных состояли из обедненных в видовом отношении беспозвоночных и рыб окружающей глубоководной бентали озера. Показаны сходства и различия в составе фаун двух сипов, а также различия в количественных характеристиках таксономических групп макробеспозвоночных и коттоидных рыб. Облигатные виды на сипе Посольская банка не выявлены. Для сипа Санкт-Петербург облигатным видом среди беспозвоночных обозначен Kobeltocochlea tamarae Sitnikova, Teterina et Maximova, 2021 (Caenogastropoda: Benedictiidae); среди донных коттоидных рыб Neocottus werestschagini (Taliev, 1953) (Cottoidei: Abyssocottidae) проявляет переходное состояние к облигатности. Приведены сведения об усвоении сиповыми животными пищи смешанного фото- и хемосинтезированного генезиса с разной долей метан-производного углерода. Обоснована гипотеза о том, что глубоководные сиповые районы служили своеобразными рефугиумами для сохранения фауны в периоды плиоцен-плейстоценовых оледенений оз. Байкал.

Ключевые слова

коттоидные рыбы, макробеспозвоночные, метановые сипы, оз. Байкал, рефугиумы, хемосинтез

Поступила в редакцию 16 сентября 2021 г. · Принята в печать 10 ноября 2021 г. · Опубликована 25 декабря 2021 г.

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