Модельные представления о динамике структуры поселений массовых видов беломорских Bivalvia

А.В. Герасимова, Н.В. Максимович и Н.А. Филиппова

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2023, 327(1): 75–97 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2023.327.1.75

Резюме

Работа посвящена итогам многолетних (общий цикл исследований – почти 35 лет) наблюдений за бентосными поселениями девяти широко распространенных видов двустворчатых моллюсков, выполненных на базе Морской биологической станции СПбГУ в Белом море (устье губы Чупа, Кандалакшский залив). Цель работы – выявление закономерностей в пространственно-временной организации поселений Bivalvia. В результате представлен обобщенный анализ причин пространственно-временной гетерогенности структуры поселений широко распространенных долгоживущих видов двустворчатых моллюсков в условиях ненарушенной среды, и предприняты попытки разработать модельные представления о динамике возрастной структуры поселений Bivalvia в Белом море. Комплексный подход к выявлению закономерных черт в организации поселений Bivalvia: исследование изменений размерно-возрастного состава поселений как отражения режима пополнения поселений молодью, особенностей роста и смертности позволил выделить внутривидовые отношения как определяющие многолетние тенденции в изменении структуры поселений моллюсков в Белом море. Показано, что многолетняя стабильность размерно-возрастного состава не характерна для поселений Bivalvia в Белом море, и значительные колебания в их структуре имеют место даже в относительно неизменных условиях окружающей среды. Основная причина отсутствия стационарности структуры поселений определена межгодовыми вариациями объемов пополнения, которые обусловлены главным образом напряженностью внутривидовых отношений моллюсков и особенностями выживания молоди на ранних этапах онтогенеза. В результате межгодовых колебаний в уровне пополнения в поселениях Bivalvia на протяжении нескольких лет доминируют представители 1–2 генераций. Периодическую смену доминирующих поколений можно было бы рассматривать с точки зрения проявления цикличности в развитии поселений, однако циклический характер динамики структуры поселений легко разрушается при неблагоприятных условиях для выживания моллюсков на ранних этапах жизненного цикла. Стационарные поселения двустворчатых моллюсков в Белом море являются, скорее, исключением из общего правила. Они могут формироваться в условиях относительно стабильного уровня ежегодного пополнения при ослабленной напряженности внутривидовых отношений. Последнее в беломорских поселениях Bivalvia наблюдалось либо при дифференциации экологических потребностей особей разного возраста, либо в случае относительно низкой плотности поселения.

Ключевые слова

Белое море, двустворчатые моллюски, динамика структуры поселений, выживаемость, линейный рост, смертность

Поступила в редакцию 26 октября 2022 г. · Принята в печать 28 февраля 2023 г. · Опубликована 25 марта 2023 г.

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