Структурная организация и экология птиц Высокогорного Дагестана

Е.В. Вилков

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2023, 327(2): 139–169 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2023.327.2.139

Резюме

В работе проанализированы данные учетов птиц, проведенных в 1998–2021 гг. в провинции Высокогорный Дагестан. Впервые получены сведения о видовом и фаунистическом составе птиц, их статусе пребывания, современном среднем обилии и природоохранном статусе. Из 117 видов птиц, отмеченных в высокогорной провинции Дагестана, в увлажненной северо-западной и центральной ее частях доминируют европейские, широко распространенные, средиземноморские и тибетские представители фаунистических комплексов, что обусловлено превалированием здесь лесов и закустаренных субальпийских лугов с масштабными скальными выходами. В юго-восточной, более аридизированной и безлесной части высокогорья, где господствуют субальпийские и альпийские луга с локальными скальными включениями, на лидирующие позиции уже выходят представители широко распространенных, средиземноморских и монгольских типов фаун. Исследования показали, что в горах с размытым высотно-поясным градиентом, связанным с инверсией поясов растительности, авифауна подразделяется не по высотно-поясным различиям, а по местообитаниям с соответствующими экологическими орнитокомплексами. С помощью оригинальной экологической классификации определена экологическая структура авифауны района исследований, включающая 11 дифференцированных по однотипным местообитаниям орнитокомплексов с указанием их суммарного обилия. Каждое местообитание с соответствующим ему орнитокомплексом охарактеризовано по экологической специфике с указанием первых 5 лидирующих по обилию видов. Установлено, что специфический облик авифауне Высокогорного Дагестана придают не только резидентные сообщества типично горных птиц, но и гнездящиеся в высокогорье адаптированные популяции перелетных птиц равнин. Полученные эмпирические данные позволяют использовать их при пространственной индикации сообществ птиц в исследовательских целях, при мониторинге состояния авифауны и ее охраны, а также при организации рационального использования охотничье-промысловых ресурсов.

Ключевые слова

Высокогорный Дагестан, орнитофауна, фауногенетическая структура, экологический орнитокомплекс

Поступила в редакцию 31 декабря 2022 г. · Принята в печать 15 марта 2023 г. · Опубликована 25 июня 2023 г.

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