Межгодовые изменения зоопланктона култучной зоны дельты Волги в весенний период

Л.А. Федяева

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2023, 327(3): 407–418 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2023.327.3.407

Резюме

Проведенные весной исследования показали основные тенденции изменений структуры зоопланктона в култучной зоне дельты Волги в годы, различающиеся по гидрологическому и температурному режимам. Выявлено, что в маловодные годы (2012, 2014) при снижении объема стока, уровня воды, сокращении продолжительности половодья снижается видовое богатство зоопланктона, возрастает биомасса Copepoda и Cladocera. Одновременно, самые высокие показатели удельного видового богатства, численности и биомассы всех групп планктонных беспозвоночных наблюдались в маловодный год (2014), который характеризовался объемом стока за половодье 101 км³, высокими предпаводковыми уровнями воды, отсутствием резкого и значительного разбавления холодными полыми водами, а также ранней теплой весной и постепенным прогревом вод. В маловодный 2012 г. (при объеме стока в период половодья 114 км³), который отличался минимальным уровнем воды и резким повышением температуры перед половодьем, а затем стремительным подъемом уровня и разбавлением холодными водами, зоопланктон характеризовался минимальным видовым богатством и низкой численностью Cladocera, сниженным числом экологических групп, но высокой долей по численности ювенильных копепод – тонких фильтраторов, а по биомассе – высокой долей активных хищников-эврифагов и собирателей-эврифагов. В средневодный год (2013) с максимальным стоком за половодье 140 км³, с ранним, высоким и продолжительным половодьем зоопланктон отличался минимальной общей численностью и биомассой большинства таксонов, но максимальным числом встреченных видов, что связано с «эффектом разбавления» и увеличением затопленных территорий, богатых высшей водной растительностью, откуда зоопланктон обогащался видами.

Ключевые слова

видовое богатство, гидрологический режим, зоопланктон, култучная зона, погодные условия, экологические группы

Поступила в редакцию 18 января 2023 г. · Принята в печать 11 июля 2023 г. · Опубликована 25 сентября 2023 г.

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