Остеология Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) из позднего мела

А.О. Аверьянов

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2010, 314(3): 264–317   ·   https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.3.264

Полный текст  

Резюме

Детально описана остеология аждархидного птерозавра Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1994 из позднего мела (турон) Узбекистана на основе более 200 костных фрагментов различных костей черепа, шейных и грудных позвонков, костей плечевого пояса и конечностей. Azhdarcho lancicollis характеризуется сравнительно коротким симфизом зубных костей и сильно удлиненными средними шейными позвонками. Относительная длина шейных позвонков выражается формулой I+II < III < IV < V > VI > VII > VIII > IX. Остеология всех аждархид удивительно однообразна, однако Azhdarcho можно отличить по некоторым остеологическим признакам от других родов семейства. По результатам филогенетического анализа туронский Azhdarcho и сантонский Bakonydraco являются более базальными таксонами относительно кампанского Zhejiangopterus и маастрихтского Quetzalcoatlus.

Ключевые слова

Azhdarchidae, Azhdarcho, поздний мел, остеология, Pterosauria, Узбекистан

Поступила в редакцию 3 июня 2010 г.  ·  Принята в печать 10 сентября 2010 г.  ·  Опубликована 25 сентября 2010 г.

Литература

Andres B.B. and Ji Q. 2008. A new pterosaur from the Liaoning Province of China, the phylogeny of the Pterodactyloidea, and convergence in their cervical vertebrae. Palaeontology, 51: 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00761.x

Arambourg C. 1954. Sur la présence d’un Ptérosaurien gigantesque dans les Phosphates de Jordanie. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, 238: 133–134.

Arambourg C. 1959. Titanopteryx philadelphiae nov. gen., nov. sp. Ptérosaurien géant. Notes et Mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient, 7: 229–234.

Archibald J.D. and Averianov A.O. 2005. Mammalian faunal succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12: 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-005-4867-3

Archibald J.D., Sues H.-D., Averianov A.O., King C., Ward D.J., Tsaruk O.I., Danilov I.G., Rezvyi A.S., Veretennikov B.G. and Khodjaev A. 1998. Précis of the Cretaceous paleontology, biostratigraphy and sedimentology at Dzharakuduk (Turonian?-Santonian), Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan. In: S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland and J.W. Estep (Eds.). Lower to Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 14: 21–28.

Astibia H., Buffetaut E., Buscalioni A.D., Cappetta H., Corral J.C., Estes R.D., Garcia-Garmilla F., Jaeger J.-J., Jimenez-Fuentes E., Le Loeuff J., Mazin J.-M., Orue-Etxebarria X., Pereda Suberbiola X., Powell J.E., Rage J.-C., Rodriguez-Lazaro J., Sanz J.L. and Tong H. 1991. The fossil vertebrates from Laño (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous of continental Europe. Terra Nova. Official Journal of the European Union of Geosciences, 2: 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x

Averianov A.O. 2004. New data on Cretaceous flying reptiles (Pterosauria) from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Paleontological Journal, 38: 426–436.

Averianov A.O. 2007. New records of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. Paleontological Journal, 41: 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030107020098

Averianov A.O. 2008. [Superorder Pterosauria]. In: M.F. Ivakhnenko and E.N. Kurochkin (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Russia and Adjacent Territories. Fossil Reptiles and Birds. Part 1. Moscow, GEOS: 319–342. [In Russian].

Averianov A.O. and Atabekyan A.A. 2005. The first discovery of a flying reptile (Pterosauria) in Armenia. Paleontological Journal, 39: 210–212.

Averianov A.O. and Sues H.-D. 2007. A new troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan, with a review of troodontid records from the territories of the former Soviet Union. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27: 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[87:ANTDTF]2.0.CO;2

Averianov A.O., Arkhangelsky M.S., Pervushov E.M. and Ivanov A.V. 2005. A new record of an azhdarchid (Pterosauria: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Volga Region. Paleontological Journal, 39: 433–439.

Averianov A.O., Arkhangelsky M.S. and Pervushov E.M. 2008. A new Late Cretaceous azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Volga Region. Paleontological Journal, 42: 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030108060099

Baird D. and Galton P.M. 1981. Pterosaur bones from the Upper Cretaceous of Delaware. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1: 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1981.10011880

Bakhurina N.N. and Unwin D.M. 1995. A survey of pterosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. Historical Biology, 10: 197–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/10292389509380522

Barrett P.M., Butler R.J., Edwards N.P. and Milner A.R. 2008. Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. Zitteliana, B28: 61–107.

Bennett S.C. 1989. A pteranodontid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Peru, with comments on the relationships of Cretaceous pterosaurs. Journal of Paleontology, 63: 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000041305

Bennett S.C. 1992. Sexual dimorphism of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs, with comments on cranial crests. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12: 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1992.10011472

Bennett S.C. 1994. Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 169: 1–70.

Bennett S.C. 2001. The osteology and functional morphology of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon. Part I. General description and osteology. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A: Palaozoologie, Stratigraphie, 260: 1–112. https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/260/2001/1

Bennett S.C. 2003. Morphological evolution of the pectoral girdle of pterosaurs: myology and function. In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.12

Bennett S.C. and Long J.A. 1991. A large pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 15: 435–443.

Bogolubov N.N. 1914. [On the pterodactyl vertebra from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Saratov Government]. Ezhegodnik po Geologii i Mineralogii Rossii, 16: 1–7. [In Russian].

Buffetaut E. 1999. Pterosauria from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (Iberian Peninsula): a preliminary comparative study. In: H. Astibia, J.C. Corral, X. Murelaga, X. Orue-Etxebarria and X. Pereda Suberbiola (Eds.). Geology and Palaeontology of the Upper Cretaceous Vertebrate-Bearing Beds of the Laño Quarry (Basque-Cantabrian Region, Iberian Peninsula). Esudios del Museo Ciencias Naturales de Alava, 14(Num. Espec. 1): 289–284.

Buffetaut E. 2001. An azhdarchid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Cruzy (Herault, France). Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, Serie II, Fascicule A: Sciences de la Terre et des plantes, 333: 357–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01630-5

Buffetaut E., Laurent Y., Le Loeuff J. and Bilotte M. 1997. A terminal Cretaceous giant pterosaur from the French Pyrenees. Geological Magazine, 134: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756897007449

Buffetaut E., Grigorescu D. and Csiki Z. 2002. A new giant pterosaur with a robust skull from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Naturwissenschaften, 89: 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0307-1

Buffetaut E., Grigorescu D. and Csiki Z. 2003. Giant azhdarchid pterosaurs from the terminal Cretaceous of Transylvania (western Romania). In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.09

Bunzel E. 1871. Die Reptilienfauna der Gosauformation in der Neuen Welt bei Weiner-Neustadt. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königliche geologischen Reichsanstalt, 5: 1–18.

Cai Z. and Wei F. 1994. On a new pterosaur (Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Upper Cretaceous in Linhai, Zhejiang, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 32: 181–194.

Chitoku T. 1996. Pterosaur bone from the Upper Cretaceous of Enbetsu, Hokkaido. Bulletin of the Hobetsu Museum, 12: 17–24.

Company J., Ruiz-Omenaca J.I. and Pereda Suberbiola X. 1999. A long-necked pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea, Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Valencia, Spain. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 78: 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003851316054

Currie P.J. and Jacobsen A.R. 1995. An azhdarchid pterosaur eaten by a velociraptorine theropod. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 922–925. https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-077

Currie P.J. and Padian K. 1983. A new pterosaur record from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 57: 599–600.

Currie P.J. and Russell D.A. 1982. A giant pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19: 894–897. https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-074

Estes R.D. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, Eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49: 1–180.

Frey E. and Martill D.M. 1996. A reappraisal of Arambourgiania (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): One of the world’s largest flying animals. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläntologie Abhandlungen, 199: 221–247. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/199/1996/221

Frey E., Buchy M.-C. and Martill D.M. 2003. Middle- and bottom-decker Cretaceous pterosaurs: unique designs in active flying vertebrates. In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.15

Fritsch A. 1881. Ueber die Entdeckung von Vogelresten in der böhmischen Kreideformation. Sitzungsberichte der koeniglich-bömischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag: 275–276.

Fritsch A. 1883. Studien im Gebiet der böhmisches Kreideformation. Palaeontologische Untersuchung der einzelnen Schichten. III Die Iserschichten. Archiv der naturwissenschaftenlichen Landesdurchforschung von Böhmen, Geologische Abtheilung, 5: 1–140.

Fritsch A. 1905. Synopsis der Saurier der böhmischen Kreideformation. Sitzungsberichte der koeniglich-boemischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, 8: 1–7.

Gilmore C.W. 1928. A new pterosaurian reptile from the marine Cretaceous of Oregon. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 73: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.73-2745.1

Godfrey S.J. and Currie P.J. 2005. Pterosaurs. In: P.J. Currie and E.B. Koppelhus (Eds.). Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Bloomington, Indianapolis, Indiana University Press: 292–311.

Goloboff P. 1999. NONA (ver. 1.9). Software published by the author, S.M. de Tucuman, Argentina. Available on-line at www.cladistics.org.

Henderson M.D. and Peterson J.E. 2006. An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26: 192–195. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[192:AAPCVF]2.0.CO;2

Howse S.C.B. 1986. On the cervical vertebrae of the Pterodactyloidea (Reptilia: Archosauria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88: 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb02249.x

Ikegami N., Kellner A.W.A. and Tomida Y. 2000. The presence of an azhdarchid pterosaur in the Cretaceous of Japan. Paleontological Research, 4: 165–170.

Kellner A.W.A. 1995. The relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterodactyloidea) with comments on pterosaur phylogeny. In: A. Sun and Y.-Q. Wang (Eds.). Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. Short Papers. Beijing, China Ocean Press: 73–77.

Kellner A.W.A. 2003. Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group. In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 105–137. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10

Kellner A.W.A. 2004. New information on the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) and discussion of the relationships of this clade. Ameghiniana, 41: 521–534.

Kellner A.W.A. and Langston W., Jr. 1996. Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16: 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011310

Kellner A.W.A. and Tomida Y. 2000. Description of a new species of Anhangueridae (Pterodactyloidea) with comments on the pterosaur fauna from the Santana Formation (Aptian-Albian), northeastern Brazil. National Sciences Museum Monographs, 17: 1–135.

Langston W., Jr. 1981. Pterosaurs. Scientific American, 244: 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0381-92

Lawson D.A. 1975a. A pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous of West Texas: discovery of the largest flying creature. Science, 187: 947–948. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.187.4180.947

Lawson D.A. 1975b. Could pterosaurs fly? Science, 188: 676–678. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.188.4189.676.b

Lü J., Unwin D.M., Jin X., Liu Y. and Ji Q. 2010. Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277: 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1603

Lü J., Unwin D.M. and Zhang X. 2008. A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution. Naturwissenschaften, 95: 891–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0397-5

Martill D.M. and Frey E. 1999. A possible azhdarchid pterosaur from the Crato Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) of northeast Brazil. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 78: 315–318. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003843115145

Martill D.M., Frey E., Sadaqah R.M. and Khoury H.N. 1998. Discovery of the holotype of the giant pterosaur Titanopteryx philadephiae Arambourg 1959, and the status of Arambourgiania and Quetzalcoatlus. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 207: 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/207/1998/57

Martill D.M., Witton M.P. and Gale A.S. 2008. Possible azhdarchoid pterosaur remains from the Coniacian (Late Cretaceous) of England. Zitteliana, B28: 209–218.

Martinson G.G. 1969. [Biostratigraphy and fauna of the Cretaceous continental deposits of Tajik Depression, Kyzylkum and circum-Tashkent Chuli]. In: G.G. Martinson (Ed.). [Continental deposits of the Eastern Regions of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan (Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy)]. Nauka, Leningrad: 18–51. [In Russian].

McGowen M.R., Padian K., De Sosa M.A. and Harmon R.J. 2002. Description of Montanazhdarcho minor, an azhdarchid pterosaur from the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian) of Montana. PaleoBios, 22: 1–9.

Montanelli S.B. 1987. Presencia de Pterosauria (Reptilia) en la Formacion La Amarga (Hauteriviano-Barremiano), Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 24: 109–113.

Monteillet J., Lappartient J.R. and Taquet P. 1982. Un Ptérosaurien géant dans le Crétacé supérieur de Paki (Sénégal). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Serie II. Mécanique-Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l’Univers, Sciences de la Terre, 295: 409–414.

Murry P.A., Winkler D.A. and Jacobs L.L. 1991. An azhdarchid pterosaur humerus from the Lower Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation of Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 65: 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000020291

Nessov L.A. 1981. [Amphibians and reptiles in Cretaceous ecosystems of Middle Asia]. In: I.S. Darevsky (Ed.). [Questions of Herpetology. Fifth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Abstracts of Reports]. Leningrad, Nauka: 91–92. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1984. [Pterosaurs and birds from the Late Cretaceous of Middle Asia]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1: 47–57. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1986. [The first finding of Late Cretaceous bird Ichthyornis in Old World and some other bird bones from Cretaceous and Paleogene of Soviet Middle Asia]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR, 147: 31–38. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1988. [New Cretaceous and Paleogene birds of Soviet Middle Asia and Kazakhstan and environments]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR, 182: 116–123. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1990. [Flying reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the USSR and significance of their remains for the paleogeographic environmental reconstruction]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Seriya 7: Geologiya, Geografiya, 4(28): 3–10. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1991a. [Giant flying reptiles of the family Azhdarchidae. I. Morphology, systematics]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Seriya 7: Geologiya, Geografiya, 2(14): 14–23. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1991b. [Giant flying reptiles of the family Azhdarchidae. II. Paleoenvironment, sedimentological condition of burial]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Seriya 7: Geologiya, Geografiya, 3(21): 16–24. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1991c. [Flying reptiles above platan forests and brackish-water sea bays]. Gerpetologicheskie Issledovaniya, 1: 147–163. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1995. [Dinosaurs of Northern Eurasia: New Data about Assemblages, Ecology and Paleobiogeography]. Izdatelstvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Saint Petersburg. 156 pp. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. 1997. [Cretaceous Nonmarine Vertebrates of Northern Eurasia] (Posthumous edition by L.B. Golovneva and A.O. Averianov). Izdatel’stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Saint Petersburg. 218 pp. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A. and Yarkov A.A. 1989. [New Cretaceous-Paleogene birds of the USSR and some remarks on the origin and evolution of the class Aves]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR, 197: 78–97. [In Russian].

Nessov L.A., Archibald J.D. and Kielan-Jaworowska Z. 1998. Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha. In: K.C. Beard and M.R. Dawson (Eds.). Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 34: 40–88.

Nixon K.C. 1999. Winclada (Beta) version 0.9.9. Software published by the author, Ithaca, NY. Available on-line at www.cladistics.org

Ősi A., Weishampel D.B. and Jianu C.-M. 2005. First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50: 777–787.

Owen R. 1859. Supplement (No. I) to the Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations. Order Pterosauria Owen, genus Pterodactylus Cuvier. Monographs of the Palaeontological Society of London: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1859.12027920

Padian K. 1984. A large pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian) of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4: 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1984.10012027

Padian K. 1986. A taxonomic note on two pterodactyloid families. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6: 289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1986.10011624

Padian K., Ricqles A.J. de and Horner J.R. 1995. Bone histology determines identification of a new fossil taxon of pterosaur (Reptilia, Archosauria). Comptes Rendus de L’Academie des Sciences, Serie II, 320: 77–84.

Padian K. and Smith M.B. 1992. New light on Late Cretaceous pterosaur material from Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12: 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1992.10011433

Pereda Suberbiola X., Bardet N., Jouve S., Iarochene M., Bouya B. and Amaghzaz M. 2003. A new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco. In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.08

Pyatkov K.K., Pyanovskaya I.A., Bukharin A.K. and Bykovskii Yu.K. 1967. [Geological Structure of Central Kyzylkum]. Fan, Tashkent. 177 p. [In Russian].

Redman C.M. and Leighton L.R. 2009. Multivariate faunal analysis of the Turonian Bissekty Formation: Variation in the degree of marine influence in temporally and spatially averaged fossil assemblages. Palaios, 24: 18–26. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2007.p07-072r

Russell D.A. 1972. A pterosaur from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 9: 1338–1340. https://doi.org/10.1139/e72-119

Seeley H.G. 1870. The Ornithosauria: An Elementary Study of the Bones of Pterodactyles, Made from Fossil Remains Found in the Cambridge Upper Greensand. Deighton, Bell, and Co., Cambridge. X+135 p.

Seeley H.G. 1881. The reptile fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 37: 620–707. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1881.037.01-04.49

Sochava A.V. 1968. [Red-colored Cretaceous Sediments of Middle Asia]. Nauka, Leningrad. 122 p. [In Russian].

Steel L., Martill D.M., Kirk J.R.J., Anders A., Loveridge R.F., Frey E. and Martin J.G. 1997. Arambourgiania philadelphiae: giant wings in small halls. The Geological Curator, 6: 305–313.

Unwin D.M. 2001. An overview of the pterosaur assemblage from the Cambridge Greensand (Cretaceous) of Eastern England. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fuer Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe, 4: 189–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.4860040112

Unwin D.M. 2003. On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs. In: E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin (Eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication, 217: 139–190. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.11

Unwin D.M. and Bakhurina N.N. 2000. Pterosaurs from Russia, Middle Asia and Mongolia. In: M.J. Benton, M.A. Shishkin, D.M. Unwin and E.N. Kurochkin (Eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 420–433.

Unwin D.M. and Lü J.-C. 1997. On Zhejiangopterus and the relationships of pterodactyloid pterosaurs. Historical Biology, 12: 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912969709386563

Unwin D.M., Bakhurina N.N., Lockley M.G., Manabe M. and Lü J.-C. 1997. Pterosaurs from Asia. Paleontological Society of Korea Special Publication, 2: 43–65.

Wang X.-L., Kellner A.W.A., Zhou Z. and Campos D.A. 2005. Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature, 437: 875–879. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03982

Wang X., Kellner A.W.A., Jiang S. and Meng X. 2009. An unusual long-tailed pterosaur with elongated neck from western Liaoning of China. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 81: 793–812. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652009000400016

Watabe M., Tsuihiji T., Suzuki D. and Tsogtbaatar K. 2009. The first discovery of pterosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54: 231–242. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2006.0068

Wellnhofer P. 1970. Die Pterodactyloidea (Pterosauria) der Oberjura-Plattenkalke Suddeutschlands. Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Neue Folge, 141: 1–135.

Wellnhofer P. 1980. Flugsaurierreste aus der Gosau-Kreide von Muthmannsdorf (Niederösterreich) – ein Beitrag zur Kierfermechanik der Pterosaurier. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie, 20: 95–112.

Wellnhofer P. 1985. Neue Pterosaurier aus der Santana-Formation (Apt) der Chapada do Araripe, Brasilien. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A: Palaozoologie, Stratigraphie, 187: 105–182.

Wellnhofer P. 1991a. Weitere Pterosaurierfunde aus der Santana-Formation (Apt) der Chapada do Araripe, Brasilien. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A: Palaozoologie, Stratigraphie, 215: 43–101.

Wellnhofer P. 1991b. The Illustrated Encylopedia of Pterosaurs. Salamander Books, London. 192 p.

Wellnhofer P. and Buffetaut E. 1999. Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 73: 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987987

Wiffen J. and Molnar R.E. 1988. First pterosaur from New Zealand. Alcheringa, 12: 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518808618996

Witton M.P. 2009. A new species of Tupuxuara (Thalassodromidae, Azhdarchoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, with a note on the nomenclature of Thalassodromidae. Cretaceous Research, 30: 1293–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.006

Witton M.P., Martill D.M. and Green M. 2009. On pterodactyloid diversity in the British Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) and a reappraisal of “Palaeorniscliftii Mantell, 1844. Cretaceous Research, 30: 676–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.004

Witton M.P. and Naish D. 2008. A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology. PLoS ONE, 3: e2271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002271

 

© Зоологический институт Российской академии наук
Последнее изменение: 25 марта 2025 г.