N.S. Sodhi, P. Ehrlich (eds.).
Conservation Biology for All.
Oxford University Press, 2010. 344 pp.
Contents Dedication xi Acknowledgements xii List of Contributors xiii Foreword - Georgina Mace xvii Introduction - Navjot S. Sodhi and Paul R. Ehrlich 1 Introduction Box 1: Human population and conservation (Paul R. Ehrlich) 2 Introduction Box 2: Ecoethics (Paul R. Ehrlich) 3 1: Conservation biology: past and present - Curt Meine 7 1.1 Historical foundations of conservation biology 7 Box 1.1: Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation (Fikret Berkes) 8 1.2 Establishing a new interdisciplinary field 12 1.3 Consolidation: conservation biology secures its niche 15 1.4 Years of growth and evolution 16 Box 1.2: Conservation in the Philippines (Mary Rose C. Posa) 19 1.5 Conservation biology: a work in progress 21 2: Biodiversity - Kevin J. Gaston 27 2.1 How much biodiversity is there? 27 2.2 How has biodiversity changed through time? 33 2.3 Where is biodiversity? 35 2.4 In conclusion 39 Box 2.1: Invaluable biodiversity inventories (Navjot S. Sodhi) 40 3: Ecosystem functions and services - Cagan H. Sekercioglu 45 3.1 Climate and the Biogeochemical Cycles 45 3.2 Regulation of the Hydrologic Cycle 48 1 3.3 Soils and Erosion 50 3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 51 Box 3.1: The costs of large-mammal extinctions (Robert M. Pringle) 52 Box 3.2: Carnivore conservation (Mark S. Boyce) 54 Box 3.3: Ecosystem services and agroecosystems in a landscape context (Teja Tscharntke) 55 3.5 Mobile Links 57 Box 3.4: Conservation of plant-animal mutualisms (Priya Davidar) 58 Box 3.5: Consequences of pollinator decline for the global food supply (Claire Kremen) 60 3.6 Nature's Cures versus Emerging Diseases 64 3.7 Valuing Ecosystem Services 65 4: Habitat destruction: death by a thousand cuts - William F. Laurance 73 4.1 Habitat loss and fragmentation 73 4.2 Geography of habitat loss 73 Box 4.1: The changing drivers of tropical deforestation (William F. Laurance) 75 4.3 Loss of biomes and ecosystems 76 Box 4.2: Boreal forest management: harvest, natural disturbance, and climate change - (Ian G. Warkentin) 80 4.4 Land.use intensification and abandonment 82 Box 4.3: Human impacts on marine ecosystems (Benjamin S. Halpern et al.) 83 5: Habitat fragmentation and landscape change - Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders 88 5.1 Understanding the effects of landscape change 88 5.2 Biophysical aspects of landscape change 90 5.3 Effects of landscape change on species 92 Box 5.1: Time lags and extinction debt in fragmented landscapes (Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders) 92 5.4 Effects of landscape change on communities 96 5.5 Temporal change in fragmented landscapes 99 5.6 Conservation in fragmented landscapes 99 Box 5.2: Gondwana Link: a major landscape reconnection project (Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders) 101 Box 5.3: Rewilding (Paul R. Ehrlich) 102 6: Overharvesting - Carlos A. Peres 107 6.1 A brief history of exploitation 108 6.2 Overexploitation in tropical forests 110 6.3 Overexploitation in aquatic ecosystems 113 6.4 Cascading effects of overexploitation on ecosystems 115 Box 6.1: The state of fisheries (Daniel Pauly) 118 6.5 Managing overexploitation 120 Box 6.2: Managing the exploitation of wildlife in tropical forests (Douglas W. Yu) 121 7: Invasive species - Daniel Simberloff 131 Box 7.1: Native invasives (Daniel Simberloff ) 131 Box 7.2: Invasive species in New Zealand (Daniel Simberloff ) 132 7.1 Invasive species impacts 133 7.2 Lag times 143 7.3 What to do about invasive species 144 8: Climate change - Thomas E. Lovejoy 153 8.1 Effects on the physical environment 153 8.2 Effects on biodiversity 154 Box 8.1: Lowland tropical biodiversity under global warming (Navjot S. Sodhi) 156 8.3 Effects on biotic interactions 158 8.4 Synergies with other biodiversity change drivers 159 8.5 Mitigation 159 Box 8.2: Derivative threats to biodiversity from climate change (Paul R. Ehrlich) 160 9: Fire and biodiversity - David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy 163 9.1 What is fire? 164 9.2 Evolution and fire in geological time 164 9.3 Pyrogeography 165 Box 9.1: Fire and the destruction of tropical forests (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 167 9.4 Vegetation-climate patterns decoupled by fire 167 9.5 Humans and their use of fire 170 Box 9.2: The grass-fire cycle (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 171 Box 9.3: Australia's giant fireweeds (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 173 9.6 Fire and the maintenance of biodiversity 173 9.7 Climate change and fire regimes 176 10: Extinctions and the practice of preventing them - Stuart L. Pimm and Clinton N. Jenkins 181 10.1 Why species extinctions have primacy 181 Box 10.1: Population conservation (Jennifer B.H. Martiny) 182 10.2 How fast are species becoming extinct? 183 10.3 Which species become extinct? 186 10.4 Where are species becoming extinct? 187 10.5 Future extinctions 192 10.6 How does all this help prevent extinctions? 195 11: Conservation planning and priorities - Thomas Brooks 199 11.1 Global biodiversity conservation planning and priorities 199 11.2 Conservation planning and priorities on the ground 204 Box 11.1: Conservation planning for Key Biodiversity Areas in Turkey (Guven Eken et al.) 209 11.3 Coda: the completion of conservation planning 213 12: Endangered species management: the US experience - David. S. Wilcove 220 12.1 Identification 220 Box 12.1: Rare and threatened species and conservation planning in Madagascar (Claire Kremen et al.) 221 Box 12.2: Flagship species create Pride (Peter Vaughan) 223 12.2 Protection 226 12.3 Recovery 230 12.4 Incentives and disincentives 232 12.5 Limitations of endangered species programs 233 13: Conservation in human-modified landscapes - Lian Pin Koh and Toby A. Gardner 236 13.1 A history of human modification and the concept of "wild nature" 236 Box 13.1: Endocrine disruption and biological diversity (J. P. Myers) 237 13.2 Conservation in a human modified world 240 13.3 Selectively logged forests 242 13.4 Agroforestry systems 243 13.5 Tree plantations 245 Box 13.2: Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical secondary forests and exotic tree plantations (Jos Barlow) 247 13.6 Agricultural land 248 Box 13.3: Conservation in the face of oil palm expansion (Matthew Struebig, Ben Phalan, and Emily Fitzherbert) 249 Box 13.4: Countryside biogeography: harmonizing biodiversity and agriculture (Jai Ranganathan and Gretchen C. Daily) 251 13.7 Urban areas 253 13.8 Regenerating forests on degraded land 254 13.9 Conservation and human livelihoods in modified landscapes 255 13.10 Conclusion 256 14: The roles of people in conservation - C. Anne Claus, Kai M. A. Chan, and Terre Satterfield 262 14.1 A brief history of humanity's influence on ecosystems 262 14.2 A brief history of conservation 262 Box 14.1: Customary management and marine conservation (C. Anne Claus, Kai M. A. Chan, and Terre Satterfield) 264 Box 14.2: Historical ecology and conservation effectiveness in West Africa (C. Anne Claus et al.) 265 14.3 Common conservation perceptions 265 Box 14.3: Elephants, animal rights, and Campfire (Paul R. Ehrlich) 267 14.4 Factors mediating human.environment relations 269 Box 14.4: Conservation, biology, and religion (Kyle S. Van Houtan) 270 14.5 Biodiversity conservation and local resource use 273 14.6 Equity, resource rights, and conservation 275 Box 14.5: Empowering women: the Chipko movement in India (Priya Davidar) 276 14.7 Social research and conservation 278 15: From conservation theory to practice: crossing the divide - Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg 284 Box 15.1: Swords into Ploughshares: reducing military demand for wildlife products (Lisa Hickey et al.) 285 Box 15.2: The World Bank and biodiversity conservation (Tony Whitten) 286 Box 15.3: The Natural Capital Project (Heather Tallis, Joshua H. Goldstein, and Gretchen C. Daily) 288 15.1 Integration of Science and Conservation Implementation 290 Box 15.4: Measuring the effectiveness of conservation spending (Matthew Linkie and Robert J. Smith) 291 15.2 Looking beyond protected areas 292 Box 15.5: From managing protected areas to conserving landscapes (Karl Didier) 293 15.3 Biodiversity and human poverty 293 Box 15.6: Bird nest protection in the Northern Plains of Cambodia (Tom Clements) 297 Box 15.7: International activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden (Peter Raven) 301 15.4 Capacity needs for practical conservation in developing countries 303 15.5 Beyond the science: reaching out for conservation 304 15.6 People making a difference: A Rare approach 305 15.7 Pride in the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Panama 305 15.8 Outreach for policy 306 15.9 Monitoring of Biodiversity at Local and Global Scales 306 Box 15.8: Hunter self-monitoring by the Isoseno-Guaran.. in the Bolivian Chaco (Andrew Noss) 307 16: The conservation biologist's toolbox - principles for the design and analysis of conservation studies - Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook 313 16.1 Measuring and comparing Сbiodiversity' 314 Box 16.1: Cost effectiveness of biodiversity monitoring (Toby Gardner) 314 Box 16.2: Working across cultures (David Bickford) 316 16.2 Mensurative and manipulative experimental design 319 Box 16.3: Multiple working hypotheses (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 321 Box 16.4: Bayesian inference (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 324 16.3 Abundance Time Series 326 16.4 Predicting Risk 328 16.5 Genetic Principles and Tools 330 Box 16.5: Functional genetics and genomics (Noah K. Whiteman) 331 16.6 Concluding Remarks 333 Box 16.6: Useful textbook guides (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 334 Index 341 Foreword 2010 was named by the United Nations to be the International Year of Biodiversity, coinciding with major political events that set the stage for a radical review of the way we treat our environment and its biological riches. So far, the reports have been dominated by reconfirmations that people and their lifestyles continue to deplete the earth's biodiversity. We are still vastly overspending our natural capital and thereby depriving future generations. If that were not bad enough news in itself, there are no signs that actions to date have slowed the rate of depletion. In fact, it continues to increase, due largely to growing levels of consumption that provide increasingly unequal benefits to different groups of people. It is easy to continue to delve into the patterns and processes that lie at the heart of the problem. But it is critical that we also start to do everything we can to reverse all the damaging trends. These actions cannot and should not be just the responsibility of governments and their agencies. It must be the responsibility of all of us, including scientists, wildlife managers, naturalists, and indeed everyone who cares so that future generations can have the same choices and the same opportunity to marvel at and benefit from nature, as our generation has had. We all can be involved in actions to improve matters, and making conservation biology relevant to and applicable by all is therefore a key task. It is in this context that Navjot Sodhi and Paul Ehlrich have contributed this important book. Covering all aspects of conservation biology from the deleterious drivers, through to the impacts on people, and providing tools, techniques, and background to practical solutions, the book provides a resource for many different people and contexts. Written by the world's leading experts you will find clear summaries of the latest literature on how to decide what to do, and then how to do it. Presented in clear and accessible text, this book will support the work of many people. There are different kinds of conservation actions, at different scales, and affecting different parts of the biosphere, all laid out clearly and concisely. There is something in here for everyone who is, or wishes to be, a conservation biologist. I am sure you will all be inspired and better informed to do something that will improve the prospects for all, so that in a decade or so, when the world community next examines the biodiversity accounts, things will definitely be taking a turn for the better! Georgina Mace CBE FRS Imperial College London 18 November 2010