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On mammals and birds communities of ectoparasites are present, which can include scores of ticks, mites and insects species. The parasitizing of arthropods terrestrial vertebrates appeared as far back a the Cretaceous period, and after 70—100 mil. years of the coevolution ectoparasites have assimilated all food resources and localities of the hosts' bodies. To the present only spatial and (to the less extent) trophic niches of parasitic insects, ticks and mites are studied completely enough. The main results these investigations are discussed in the present paper. A high abundance of the communities is reached because of their partition into the number of ecological niches. Host is complex of ecological niches for many ectoparasites species. These niches reiterate in the populations of a species closely related species of hosts and repeat from generation to generation. The each part of host (niche) being assimilated be certain parasite species is available potentially for other species. The partition of host into ecological niches is clearer than the structure of ecosystems including free-living organisms. A real extent of the ecological niches occupation by different species of ticks, mites and insects is considerably lower than a potential maximum. The degree of ecological niches saturation depends on the history of the coevolution of parasites community components, previous colonization be new ectoparasite species and many other ecological factors affecting host-parasite system. The use of the ecological niche conception in parasitology is proved to be rather promising. Ectoparasites communities because of their species diversity, different types of feeding and a number of habitats on host represent convenient models and study of them can contribute significantly to the developmeht of the general conception of ecological niche.

Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the male genitalia in the Palearctic species of the subgenus Aedes and circumstantial data on the distribution ranges of these species are given for the first time. Four new species, Aedes alexandrei sp. n., Ae. dmitryi sp. n., Ae. nataliae sp. n., and Ae. valeryi sp. n. are described. Ae. geminus is recorded in Russia for the first time. Taxonomic positions of the species Ae. rossicus, Ae. esoensis, Ae. geminis, and Ae. cinereus are discussed with particular regards to their morphology and distribution in Russia.

The genus name Boreosimulium Rubzov et Yankovsky, 1982 was considered for a long time as a junior synonym of the genus name Hellichiella Rivosecchi et Cardinali, 1975. The status of Boreosimulium as a separate generic (or subgeneric) name has been confirmed in the monograph by Adler, Currie and Wood (2004). In the present paper the indentification keys for the Boreosimulium and Hellichiella (subfam. Simuliinae) species are given. Also the keys for the genera Stegopterna Enderlein, 1930 and Greniera Doby et David, 1959 (subfam. Prosimuliinae) being similar in some characters to the above genera are provided. The lists of species of these genera, together with their distribution ranges (according to the data obtained to the end of 2004) are added.

Descriptions and figures of the following new and recognized species of copepods parasitizing chitons are given: Leptochitonicola sphaerica sp. n. from Leptochiton rugatus (Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892) from the Sea of Japan, Leptochitonicola intermedia sp. n. from Leptochiton sp. from off Eastern Kamchatka, L. hanleyellai sp. n. from Hanleyella asiatica Sirenko, 1973 from near Commanders Islands, Leptochitonicola attenuata sp. n. from Leptochiton cf. rugatus from near the Bering Sea coast of Bering Island, Ischnochitonika kurochkini sp. n. on Lepidozona multigranosa Sirenko, 1975, L. kobjakovae kobjakovae (Jakovleva, 1952) and L. albrechti (Schrenck, 1863) all from the Sea of Japan and Okhotsk Sea, Ischnochitonica aleutica sp. n. on Leptochiton cf. belknapi from near the Aleutian Islands and from Kronotsky Bay, and Leptochitonoides vitiasi gen. et sp. n. from Leptochiton cf. belknapi from near Prince Wales Island. Ischnochitonica lasalliana Franz et Bullock, 1990 and I. japonica Nagasawa et al., 1991 are redescribed, new hosts and localities are given. New data on other chitonophilids are reported including recognized species. The amended diagnoses of the genera Ischnochitonika Franz et Bullock, 1990 and Leptochitonicola Avdeev et Sirenko, 1991 are provided.

The article is based on the results of helminthological observations made on kittiwake Rissa tridactyla and glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus in 1991—2001 in different areas of the Barents Sea (Eastern Murman coast, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen). 18 helminth species (2 trematodes, 11 cestodes, 4 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans) were recorded in the kittiwakes and 19 (3 trematodes, 9 cestodes, 5 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans) species were recorded in the glaucous gulls. Trematodes were absent in the birds collected at the Franz Josef Land and the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. 3 trematode species, namely Gymnophallus sp. (somateria?), Microphallus sp. 1 (M. pseudopygmaeus), and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in the glaucous gulls of western Spitzbergen. It was supposed that the life cycles of these parasites can be completed there. On the other hand, coastal ecosystems of Arctic archipelagoes turn out to be favourable for the transmission of some cestodes. This is closely connected with the regional traits in the marine bird diet, namely the increase of the amphipod (intermediate hosts of hymenolepidids and some dilepidids) and polar cod (supposed second intermediate host for some tetrabothriids) portion in Arctic. As a result, cestodes are the base of the helminth fauna of kittiwakes and glaucous gulls of the Barents Sea, by their species richness, prevalence and abundance. Nematodes and acanthocephalans were represented by a few species with low infection intensity. The main ecological factors affected the regional difference in the species richness and abundance of the helminths parasitising kittiwakes and glaucous gulls in the Barents Sea are proposed. Those are regional climatic features and regional traits in the behaviour and food priorities of birds, and also the distribution of the helminths intermediate hosts, invertebrates and fishes. The phenomenon of host specificity lowering with respect to the definitive host was recorded in some cestode species (Microsomacanthus diorchis, M. microsoma, and Arctotaenia tetrabothrioides) on the border of their distribution ranges, the coastal ecosystems of Arctic.

The helminth fauna of shrews (Sores araneus, S. caecutiens, S. minutus, S. minutissimus) from the Karelian coast and islands of the Kandalaksha nature reserve was studied. 18 helminth species belonging to 3 taxonomic groups, Trematoda (3), Cestoda (8), and Nematoda (7) were found. The main body of the helminth fauna of shrews is represented by the nematodes species Longistriata codrus, L. didas, and the cestode species Ditestolepis diaphana. Inhabiting of shrews in the insular localities leads to the decrease of the species diversity and the abundance of their helminths. The distribution ranges of the shrew parasites have been outlined more accurately.

The influence of the Trematode invasion on the average daily rations and electoral nourishment of the two size groups in the great ramshorn snail Planorbarius corneus, "young" (12—24 mm in diameter) and "old" (24—36.5 mm in diameter), have been investigated.

The molecular characters suitable for the differentiation between the autogenous form of Culex pipiens pipiens (the urban mosquito) and the species Culex torrentium, which was previously identified erroneously as an anautogenous form of C. pipiens pipiens (Shaikevich, Vinogradova, 2004), are given. These mosquitoes differ in the infection by the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipientis, 6 transitions among 247 nucleotide sequences of 3' part of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in the mtDNA fragments resulted from the restriction analysis, and in the lengths of second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequences in the ribosomal DNA.

Summary is absent.

Summary is absent.