Zoogeography of the Northern Hemisphere and amphibians: the Palearctic and the Nearctic vs. the Holarctic?

Anderson K. 1991. Chromosome evolution in Holarctic Hyla treefrogs. In: D.M. Green and S.K. Sessions (Eds.). Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto: 299–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-297880-7.50017-2

Andreone F., Channing A., Drewes R., Gerlach J., Glaw F., Howell K., Largen M., Loader S., Lötters S., Minter L., Pickersgill M., Raxworthy C., Rödel M.-O., Schiøtz A., Vallan D. and Vences M. 2008. Chapter 5. Amphibians of the Afrotropical Realm. In: S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (Eds.). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 53–58.

Anthony B., Arntzen J.W., Baha El Din S., Böhme W., Cog ǎ lniceanu D., Crnobrnja-Isailovic J., Crochet P.-A., Corti C., Griffiths R., Kaneko Y., Kuzmin S., Lau M.W.N., Li P., Lymberakis P., Marquez R., Papenfuss T., Pleguezuelos M., Rastegar N., Schmidt B., Slimani T., Sparreboom M., Uğurtaş İ., Werner Y. and Xie F. 2008. Chapter 10. Amphibians of the Palearctic Realm. In: S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (Eds.). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 106–111.

Bain R., Biju S.D., Brown R., Das I., Diesmos A., Dutta S., Gower D., Inger R., Iskandar D., Kaneko Y., Lau M.W.N., Meegaskumbura M., Ohler A., Papenfuss T., Pethiyagoda R., Stuart B., Wilkinson M. and Xie F. 2008. Chapter 7. Amphibians of the Indomalayan Realm. In: S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (Eds.). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 74–79.

Bănărescu P. and Boşcaiu N. 1978. Biogeographie. Fauna und Flora der Erde und ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung. G. Fischer, Jena, 392 S.

Barej M.F., Schmitz A., Günther R., Loader S.P., Mahlow K. and Rödel M.-O. 2014. The first endemic West African vertebrate family – a new anuran family highlighting the uniqueness of the Upper Guinean biodiversity hotspot. Frontiers in Zoology, 11:8: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-11-8

Belyshev B.F. 1960. The main subdivisions of the Palearctic on the basis of distribution of dragonflys (Odonata, Insecta). News of Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, 10: 94–102. [In Russian].

Belyshev B.F. 1985. About the main biogeographical subdivisions of world land on the basis of distribution of plants, vertebrates and dragonflys (Odonata). News of the Geographical Society of USSR, 117(1): 31–34. [In Russian].

Berg L.S. 1949. Fishes of Fresh Waters of USSR and Adjacent Countries. Part 3. Fourth Edition. Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow: 927–1382. [In Russian].

Biju S.D. and Bossuyt F. 2003. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographic link with the Seychelles. Nature, 425(6959): 711–714. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02019

Blackburn D.C., Bickford D.P., Diesmos A.C., Iskandar D.T. and Brown R.M. 2010. An ancient origin for the enigmatic flat-headed frogs (Bombinatoridae: Barbourula) from the islands of Southeast Asia. PloS ONE, 5(8): 1–10. e12090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012090

Blackburn D.C. and Wake D.B. 2011. Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang Z.-Q. (ed.). Animal Biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand: 39–55 (Zootaxa, 3148). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8

Blair W.F. 1972. Summary. In: W.F. Blair (Ed.). Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 329–343.

Blotto B.L., Nuñes J.J., Basso N.G., Úbeda C.A., Wheeler W.C. and Faivovich J. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships of a Patagonian radiation, the Alsodes + Eupsophus clade (Anura: Alsodidae), with comments on the supposed paraphyly of Eupsophus. Cladistics, 29(2): 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00417.x

Blyth E. 1871. A suggested new division of the Earth into zoological regions. Nature, London and New York, 3(74), March 30: 427–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/003427d0

Bobrinsky N.A. and Gladkov N.A. 1961. Geography of Animals (Course of Zoogeography). The Second Edition. Uchpedgiz, Moscow, 287 p. [In Russian].

Bobrov V.V. 1997. On boundary of the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan faunal realms in continental Asia (based on data of distribution of lizards (Reptilia, Sauria)). Notes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology, 5: 580–591. [In Russian].

Bobrov V.V. 1998. On boundary of the Mideterranian and Sahara-Gobi faunal subdivisions of Palearctic (on data of distribution of lizards (Reptilia, Sauria)). Notes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology, 5: 580–590. [In Russian].

Bolaños F., Castro F., Cortez C., De la Riva I., Grant T., Hedges B., Heyer H., Ibáñez R., La Marca E., Lavilla E., Silvano D.L., Lötters S., Parra Olea G., Reichle S., Reynolds R., Rodríguez L., Santos Barrera G., Scott N., Ubeda C., Veloso A., Wilkinson M. and Young B. 2008. Chapter 9. Amphibians of the Neotropical Realm. In: S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (Eds.). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 92–99.

Borkin L.J. 1984. European-Far Eastern disjunctions of ranges of amphibians: new analysis of the problem. In: L.J. Borkin (Ed.). Ecology and Faunistics of Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR and adjacent Countries. Leningrad: 55–88 (Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, 124). [In Russian].

Borkin L.J. 1998. Amphibians of the Palearctic: a zoogeographic analysis. In: A.Y. Ryss and N.G. Bogutskaya (Eds.). Zoological Sessions (Annual Reports of Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 276): 43–51.

Borkin L.J. 1998. Amphibians of the Palearctic: a zoogeographic analysis. In: N.G. Bogutskaya (Ed.). Annual Reports of 1997. Abstracts. April 7–9, 1998. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 10–11. [In Russian].

Borkin L.J. 1999. Distribution of amphibians in North Africa, Europe, Western Asia, and the former Soviet Union. In: W.E. Duellman (Ed.). Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: a Global Perspective. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London: 329–420.

Borkin L.J. and Litvinchuk S.N. 2012. Amphibians of the Palearctic: taxonomical and eidological analysis. In: R.V. Novitskiy (Ed.) Problems of Herpetology, Minsk: 42–45. [In Russian].

Borkin L.J. and Litvinchuk S.N. 2013. Amphibians of the Palearctic: taxonomic composition. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, 317(4): 494–541. [In Russian].

Bossuyt F. and Milinkovitch M. C. 2001. Amphibians as indicators of Early Tertiary “out-of-India” dispersal of vertebrates. Science, Washington, 292(5514): 93–95. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058875

Bossuyt F. and Roelants R. 2009. Frogs and toads (Anura). In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (Eds.). The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York: 357–364.

Bossuyt F., Brown F.M., Hillis D.M., Canatella D.C. and Milinkovitch M.C. 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of a cosmopolitan frog radiation: Late Cretaceous diversification resulted in continent-scale endemism in the family Ranidae. Systematic Biology, 55(4): 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600812551

Brikiatis L. 2014. The De Geer, Thulean and Beringia routes: key concepts for understanding early Cenozoic biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 41(6): 1036–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12310

Buckley L.B. and Jetz W. 2007. Environmental and historical constraints on global patterns of amphibian richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B, biological sciences, 274(1614): 1167–1173. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0436

Case S.M. 1978. Biochemical systematics of members of the genus Rana native to western North America. Systematic Zoology, 27(3): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412881

Che J., Pang J., Zhao H., Wu G.-f., Zhao E.-m. and Zhang Y.-p. 2007a. Phylogeny of Raninae (Anura: Ranidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.032

Che J., Pang J., Zhao H., Wu G.-f., Zhao E.-m. and Zhang Y.-p. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the Chinese ranids inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 35(1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.09.003

Che J., Chen H.-m., Yang J.-x., Jin J.-q., Jiang K., Yuan Z.-y., Murphy R.W. and Zhang Y.-p. 2011. Universal COI primers forDNA barcoding amphibians. Molecular Ecology Resources, 12(2): 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03090.x

Chen L., Murphy R.W., Lathrop A., Ngo A., Orlov N.L., Ho C.T. and Somorjai I.L.M. 2005. Taxonomic chaos in Asian ranid frogs: an initial phylogenetic resolution. The Herpetological Journal, London, 15(4): 231–243.

Church D., Green D.M., Hammerson G., Mitchell J., Parra Olea G. and Santos Barrera G. 2008. Chapter 8. Amphibians of the Nearctic Realm. In: S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani and B.E. Young (Eds.). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 85–89.

Darwin C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of natural Selection, or the Preservation of favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London, John Murray. X+502+32 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.162283

Darwin C. 1939. On the Origin of Species by Means of natural Selection. Writings. Volume 3. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 831 p. [In Russian].

Darlington Ph. 1966. Zoogeography. Geographical Distribution of Animals. Progress, Moscow, 519 p. [In Russian].

Diels L. 1908. Pflanzengeographie. G.J. Göschen’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig, 163 S. (Sammlung Göschen).

Diels [L.] “A” 1916. Botanical Geography. Petrograd, 138 p. (Proceedings of the Office on Applied Botanycs of the Scientific Committee of Ministry of agriculture, IX year, 1916, Supplement 16). [In Russian].

Dubois A. 1992. Notes sur la classification des Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures). Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 61(10): 305–352. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1992.11011

Dubois A. and Raffaëlli J. 2012. A new ergotaxonomy of the order Urodela Duméril, 1805 (Amphibia, Batrachia). Alytes, Paris, 28(3–4): 77–161.

Dubois A., Crombie A. and Glaw F. 2005. Amphibia Mundi. 1.2. Recent amphibians: generic and infrageneric taxonomic additions (1981–2002). Alytes, Paris, 23(1–2): 25–69.

Duellman W.E. 1979. The herpetofauna of the Andes: patterns of distribution, origin, differentiation, and present communities. In: W.E. Duellman (Ed.). The South American Herpetofauna: its Origin, Evolution, and Dispersal. Lawrence (Kansas, USA): 371–459 (Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 7). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3207

Duellman W.E. 1990. Herpetofaunas in neotropical rainforests: comparative composition, history and resource utilization. In: A.H. Gentry (Ed.). Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven: 455–505.

Duellman W.E. 1999. Global distribution of amphibians: patterns, conservation, and future challenges. In: W.E. Duellman (Ed.). Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: a Global Perspective. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London: 1–30.

Duellman W.E. and Adler K. 2007. The evolution of amphibian systematics: an historical perspective. In: H. Heatwole and M. Tyler (Eds.). Amphibian Biology. Volume 7. Systematics. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia: 2407–2435.

Duellman W.E. and Sweet S.S. 1999. Distribution patterns of amphibians in the Nearctic Region of North America. In: W.E. Duellman (Ed.). Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: a Global Perspective. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London: 31–109.

Dumas P.C. 1966. Studies of the Rana species complex in the Pacific Northwest. Copeia, 1: 60–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/1440762

Emelyanov A.F. 1974. Proposals on classification and nomenclature of distributional ranges. Entomological Review, Leningrad, 53(3): 497–522. [In Russian].

Faivovich J., Haddad C.F.B., Garcia P.C.A., Frost D.R., Campbell J.A. and Wheeler W.C. 2005. Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 294: 1–240. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2

Fei L., Ye C.-y. and Jiang J.-p. 2012. Colored Atlas of Chinese Amphibians and Their Distributions. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Sichuan, China, 20+620 p.

Fernández A. and Gómez S. 2008. Solving non-uniqueness in agglomerative hierarchical clustering using multidendrograms. Journal of Classification, 25(1): 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00357-008-9004-x

Fouquet A., Loebmann D., Castroviejo-Fisher S., Padial J.M., Orrico V.G.D., Lyra M.L., Joventino Roberto I., Kok Ph.J.R., Haddad C.F.B. and Rodrigues M.T. 2012. From Amazonia to the Atlantic forest: molecular phylogeny of Phyzelaphryninae frogs reveals unexpected diversity and a striking biogeographic pattern emphasizing conservation challenges. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65(2): 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.012

Frost D.R. (ed.). 1985. Amphibian Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. Allen Press and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence (Kansas), [4]+VI+732 p.

Frost D.R. 2014. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accessed November 25, 2014.

Frost D.R., Grant T., Faivovich J., Bain R.H., Haas A., Haddad C.F.B., de Sá R.O., Channing A., Wilkinson M., Donnellan S.C., Raxworthy C.J., Cambell J.A., Blotto B.L., Moler P., Drewes R.C., Nussbaum R.A., Lynch J.D., Green D.M. and Wheeler W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 297: 1–370. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2

Gadow H. 1901. Amphibia and Reptiles. Macmillan and Co., Limited, London, XIV+668 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.31361

Gill T. 1875. On the geographical distribution of fishes. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, fourth series, 15(88), April: 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681071

Golenkin M. 1930. The Holarctic Realm. In: O.Yu. Shmidt (Ed.). Large Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Soviet Encyclopedia and OGIZ, Moscow: 339–400. [In Russian].

Grant T., Frost D.R., Caldwell J.P., Gagliardo R., Haddad C.F.B., Kok Ph.J.R., Means D.B., Noonan B.P., Schargel W.E. and Wheeler W.C. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 299: 1–262. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2

Green D.M. 1986. Systematics and evolution of western North American frogs allied to Rana aurora and Rana boylii: electrophoretic evidence. Systematic Zoology, Washington, 35(3): 283–296. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413382

Günther A. 1858. On the geographical distribution of reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 26(370–371), July 27: 373–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1858.tb06395.x

Hasan M., Islam M.M., Khan M.R., Igawa T., Alam M.S., Djong H.T., Kurniawan N., Joshy H., Sen Y.H., Belabut D.M., Kurabayashi A., Kuramoto M. and Sumida M. 2014. Genetic divergences of South and Southeast Asian frogs: a case study of several taxa based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene data with notes on the generic name Fejervarya. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38(4): 389–411. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1308-36

Hayek L.-A.C. 2003. Analysis of amphibian diversity data. In: Measure and Monitoring of biological Diversity: standard methods for amphibians. KMK, Moscow: 221–283. [In Russian].

Hedges S.B. 1986. An electrophoretic analysis of Holarctic hylid frog evolution. Systematic Zoology, Washington, 35(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413287

Hedges S.B., Duellman W.E. and Heinicke M.P. 2008. New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, Auckland (New Zealand), 1737: 1–182. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1

Heilprin A. 1883a. On the value of the “Nearctic” as one of the primary zoological regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1882 (December 26, 1882): 316–334.

Heilprin A. 1883b. On the value of the “Neoarctic” as one of the primary zoological regions. Nature, London and New York, 27(704), April 26: 606. https://doi.org/10.1038/027606a0

Heilprin A. 1884. On the value of the “Nearctic” as one of the primary zoological regions. Replies to criticism by Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace and Prof. Theodore Gill. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1883 (November 20, 1883): 266–275.

Heilprin A. 1887. The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals. D. Appleton and Company, New York, XII+435 p. (The International Scientific Series, 57). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1744

Heilprin A. 1894. The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals. Second edition. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Ltd., London. XII+435 p. (The International Scientific Series, 8).

Heinicke M.P., Duellman W.E., Trueb L., Means D.B., MacCulloch R.D. and Hedges S.B. 2009. A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny. Zootaxa, Auckland (New Zealand), 2211: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1

Heptner V.G. 1936. General Zoogeography. Biomedgiz, Moscow, 548 p. [In Russian].

Heptner V.G. 1939. The Palearctic Realm. In: O.Yu. Shmidt (Ed.). Large Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 43. Soviet Encyclopedia and OGIZ, Moscow: 779–782. [In Russian].

Hillis D.M. and Wilcox T.P. 2005. Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34(2): 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007

Holt B.G., Lessard J.-P., Borregaard M.K., Fritz S.A., Araújo M.B., Dimitrov D., Fabre P.-H., Graham C.H., Graves G.R., Jønsson K.A., Nogués-Bravo D., Wang Z., Whittaker R.J., Fjeldså J. and Rahbek C. 2013. An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science, 339(6115): 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228282

Hua X., Fu G., Li J., Nieto Montes de Oca A. and Wiens J.J. 2009. A revised phylogeny of Holarctic treefrogs (genus Hyla) bssed on nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Herpetologica, 65(3): 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1655/08-058R1.1

Ivanter E.V. 2012. The Basics of Zoogeography. PetrGU, Petrozavodsk, 500 p. [In Russian].

Kamei R.G., San Mauro D., Gower D.J., Van Bocxlaer I., Sherratt I., Thomas A., Babu S., Bossuyt F., Wilkinson M. and Biju S.D. 2012. Discovery of a new family of amphibians from northeast India with ancient links to Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 279(1737): 2396–2401. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0150

Kamelin P.V. 2007. The Holarctic floristic realm. In: Yu.S. Osipov (Ed.). Large Russian Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. Moscow: 303–305. [In Russian].

Knauer F.K. 1883. Naturgeshichte der Lurche. (Amphibiologie) Eine umfassendere Darlegung unserer Kenntnisse von dem anatomischen Bau, der Entwicklung und systematischen Eintheilung der Amphibien sowie eine eingehende Schilderung des Lebens dieser Thiere. Zweite Ausgabe. Verlag von A. Pichler’s Witwe and Sohn, Wien und Leipzig, XX+340 S.

Kreft H. and Jetz W. 2010. A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distribution. Journal of Biogeography, 37(11): 2029–2053. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02375.x

Kryzhanovsky O.L. 2002. Structure and Distribution of Entomofaunas of the World. KMK, Moscow, 237 p. [In Russian].

Kurabayashi A., Matsui M., Belabut D.M., Yong H.-S., Ahmad N., Sudin A., Kuramoto M., Hamidy A. and Sumida M. 2011. From Antarctica or Asia? New colonization scenario for Australian–New Guinean narrow mouth toads suggested from the findings on a mysterious genus Gastrophrynoides. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11: 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-175

Kurabayashi A., Yoshikawa N., Sato N., Hayashi Y., Oumi S., Fujii T. and Sumida M. 2010. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the endangered frog Odorrana ishikawae (family Ranidae) and unexpected diversity of mt gene arrangements in ranids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56(2): 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.022

Lanza B. and Vanni S. 1981. On the biogeography of plethodontid salamanders (Amphibia Caudata) with a description of a new genus. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Firenze, N. S., 15(2): 117–121.

Lanza B., Caputo V., Nascetti G. and Bullini L. 1995. Morphologic and genetic studies of the European plethodontid salamanders: taxonomic inferences (genus Hydromantes). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monografie, 16: 1–366.

Lanza B., Pastorelli C., Laghi P. and Cimmaruta R. 2006 “2005”. A review of systematics, taxonomy, genetics, biogeography and natural history of the genus Speleomantes Dubois, 1984 (Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, Trieste, Supplemento al vol. 52: 1–135.

[Lavrenko E.M., Govorukhin B.S. and Puzanov I.I. 1953]. The Holarctic Realm. In: B.A. Vvedensky (Ed.). Large Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. The Second Edition. Soviet Encyclopedia, [Moscow]: 587–593. [In Russian].

Lemée G. 1976. Précis de Biogéographie. Progress, Moscow, 309 p. [In Russian].

Litvinchuk S.N. 2011. Molecular-genetic analysis of evolution of North-Palearctic amphibians. In: N.B. Ananjeva (Ed.), Problems of Herpetology, St. Petersburg: 154–161. [In Russian].

Litvinchuk S.N. and Borkin L.J. 2009. Evolution, Systematics and Distribution of Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus complex) in the Territory of Russia and Adjacent Countries. St. Petersburg: “Evropeyskiy Dom”, 592+24 p. [In Russian].

Lopatin I.K. 1989. Zoogeography. The Second Edition. Vysshaya Shkola, Minsk, 318 p. [In Russian].

Macey J.R., Strasburg J.L., Brisson J.A., Vredenburg V.T., Jennings M. and Larson A. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics of Western North American frogs of the Rana boylii species group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19(1): 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0908

Maddin H.C., Russell A.P. and Anderson J.S. 2012. Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, London, 166(1): 160–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00838.x

Marjanović D. and Laurin M. 2007. Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of lissamphibians. Systematic Biology, 56(3): 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701397635

Martín C., Alonso-Zarazaga M.A. and Sanchiz B. 2012. Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians. Graellsia, 68(1): 159–180. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2012.v68.056

Martín C. and Sanchiz B. 2014. Lisanfos KMS, version 1.2. https://www.lisanfos.mncn.csic.es. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid.

Maxson L.R. 1984. Molecular probes of phylogeny and biogeography in toads of the widespread genus Bufo. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Oxford, 1(4): 345–356.

Min M.S., Yang S.Y., Bonett R.M., Vieites D.R., Brandon R.A. and Wake D.B. 2005. Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander. Nature, London, 435(7038): 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03474

Mordkovich V.G. 2005. The Principles of Biogeography. KMK, Moscow, 236 p. [In Russian].

Munguía M., Rahbek C., Rangel T., Diniz-Filho J.A.F. and Araújo M.B. 2012. Equilibrium of global amphibian species distributions with climate. PloS ONE, 7(4): 1–9. e34420. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034420

Murray A. 1866. The Geographical Distribution of Mammals. Day and Son, Limited, London, XVI+420 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15762

Murray A. 1873. On the geographical relations of the chief coleopterous faunae. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 11: 1–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1873.tb02571.x

Nikolsky A.M. 1909. Geography of Animals. Russkaya tipo-litographiya, Kharkov, 262 p. [In Russian].

Nishikawa K. and Matsui M. 2014. Three new species of the salamander genus Hynobius (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae) from Kyushu, Japan. Zootaxa, 3852(2): 203–226. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3852.2.3

Olson D.M., Dinerstein E., Wikramanayake E.D., Burgess N.D., Powell G.V.N., Underwood E.C., D’Amico J.A., Itoua I., Strand H.E., Morrison J.C., Loucks C.J., Allnut T.F., Ricketts T.H., Kura Y., Lamoreux J.F., Wettengel W.W., Hedao P. and Kassem K.R. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 55(11): 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

Orlova V.F., Bakharev V.A. and Borkin L.J. [1978] “1977”. Karyotypes of some brown frogs of Eurasia and taxonomic analysis of karyotypes of the group. In: N.B. Ananjeva, L.J. Borkin and I.S. Darevsky (Eds.). Herpetological Collected Papers. Leningrad: 81–103 (Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, 74 for 1977). [In Russian].

Padial J.M., Grant M. and Frost D.R. 2014. Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criterion. Zootaxa, Auckland (New Zealand), 3825 (1): 1–132. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1

Pauly G.B., Hillis D.M. and Canatella D.C. 2004. The history of a Nearctic colonization: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution, Lawrence (Kansas), 58(11): 2517–2535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x

Peng R., Zhang P., Xiong J.-L., Gu H.-J., Zeng X.-M. and Zou F.-D. 2010. Rediscovery of Protohynobius puxiongensis (Caudata: Hynobiidae) and its phylogenetic position based on complete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56(1): 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.011

Pesenko Yu.A. 1982. Principles and Methods of Quantitative Analysis in Faunal Studies. Nauka, Moscow, 287 p. [In Russian].

Plötner J., Köhler F., Uzzell T. and Beerli P. 2007. Molecular systematics of amphibians. In: H. Heatwole and M. Tyler (Eds.). Amphibian Biology. Volume 7. Systematics. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia: 2672–2756.

Post T.J. and Uzzell T. 1981. The relationships of Rana sylvatica and the monophyly of the Rana boylii group. Systematic Zoology, 30(2): 170–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992415

Pramuk J.B., Robertson T., Sites J.W. and Noonan B.P. 2008. Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17(1): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x

Procheş Ş. and Ramdhani S. 2012. The world’s zoogeographical regions confirmed by cross-taxon analyses. BioScience, 62(3): 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.7

Puzanov I.I. 1938. Zoogeography. Uchpedgiz, Moscow, 359 p. [In Russian].

Pyron R.A. and Wiens J.J. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61(2): 543–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012

Rage J.-C. and Roček Z. 2003. Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Tertiary and Quaternary of Europe, in the context of palaeoclimate and palaeogeography. Amphibia–Reptilia, Leiden, 24(2): 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853803322390408

Reinig W.F. 1932. Beiträge zur Faunistik des Pamir-Gebietes. Band I. Ökologie und Tiergeographie. Dietrich Reimer und Ernst Vohsen, Berlin. VIII+195 S. (Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Alai-Pamir Expedition 1928 im Auftrage der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Dr. H. v. Ficker und Dr. h. c. W.R. Rickmers, Drei Theile in sechs Bänden, Theil III).

Reinig W.F. 1937. Die Holarktis. Ein Beitrag zur diluvialen und alluvialen Geschichte der zirkumpolaren Faunen- und Florengebiete. Gustav Fischer, Jena, VIII+124 S.

Roček Z. and Šandera M. 2008. Distribution of Rana arvalis in Europe: a historical perspective. In: D. Glandt and R. Jehle (Eds.). Der Moorfrosch / The Moor Frog (Rana arvalis). Tagungsband zur Veranstaltung “Praxisorientierte Artenschutzbiologie im Europa des 21. Jahrhunderts – am Beispiel des Moorfrosches (Rana arvalis)“, Zentrum für Umweltkommunikation, Osnabrück, 11–13 September 2008. Laurenti-Verlag, Bielefeld: 95–112 (Supplement der Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie, 13).

Roelants K. and Bossuyt F. 2005. Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and Pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Systematic Biology, 54(1): 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590905894

Roelants K., Gower D.J., Wilkinson M., Loader S., Biju S.D., Guillaume K., Moriau L. and Bossuyt F. 2007. Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington, 104(3): 887–892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104

Roelants K., Jiang J. and Bossuyt F. 2004. Endemic ranid (Amphibia: Anura) genera in southern mountain ranges of the Indian subcontinent represent ancient frog lineages: evidence from molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31(2): 730–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.09.011

Rustamov A.K. 1968. Zoogeographical peculariaties of various groups of land fauna of deserts of Middle Asia. Ornitologiya, 9: 131–136. [In Russian].

de Sa R.O., Streicher J.W., Sekonyela R., Forlani M.C., Loader S.P., Greenbaum E., Richards S. and Haddard C.F.B. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis among New World genera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12: 241 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-241

Sanchiz B. 1998. Salientia. Handbuch der Pal ä oherpetologie, 4. München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, XII+275 S.

Sanmart í n I., Enghoff H. and Ronquist F. 2001. Patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 73(4): 345–390. https://doi.org/10.1006/bijl.2001.0542

San Mauro D. 2010. A multilocus timescale for the origin of extant amphibians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56(2): 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.019

San Mauro D., Gower D.J., Cotton J.A., Zardoya R., Wilkinson M. and Massingham T. 2012. Experimental design in phylogenetics: testing predictions from expected information. Systematic Biology, 61(4): 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys028

San Mauro D., Vences M., Alcobendas M., Zardoya R. and Meyer A. 2005. Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea. The American Naturalist, 165(5): 590–599. https://doi.org/10.1086/429523

Savage J.M. 1973. The geographic distribution of frogs: patterns and predictions. In: J.L. Vial (Ed.). Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans. Contemporary Research on Major Problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia (Missouri): 351–445.

Schmidt K.P. 1946. On the zoogeography of the Holarctic Region. Copeia, Ann Arbor (Michigan), 3: 144–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1438736

Sclater P.L. 1858. On the general geographic distribution of the members of the Class Aves. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 2: 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x

Severtsov N.A. 1855. Periodical Phenomenons in Life of Mammals, Aves and Reptiles of Voronezh Province. Moscow, XXXVI+430 p. [In Russian].

Severtsov N.A. 1873. Vertical and horizontal distribution of animals of Turkestan. Byulletin of the Imperial Society of Lovers of natural History, Antropology and Ethnography, Moscow, 8(2): [1–2]+1–157. [In Russian].

[Severtsov N.A.] “Severtsev N.” 1877. On zoological (predominantly ornitological) subdivisions of out-tropical parts of our mainland. Izvestiya of Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 13(3): 125–153. [In Russian].

Semenov-Tian-Shansky A.[P.] 1936. Limits and Zoogeographical Subdivisions of the Palearctic for terrestrial land Animals Based on Distribution of  Coleoptera (with map). Moscow–Leningrad, 16 p. [In Russian].

Shcherbak N.N. 1982. Grundzüge einer herpetogeographischen Gliederung der Paläartis. Vertebrata Hungarica, Budapest, 21: 227–239.

Shen X.X., Liang D., Feng Y.J., Chen M.Y. and Zhang P. 2013. A versatile and highly efficient toolkit including 102 nuclear markers for vertebrate phylogenomics, tested by resolving the higher level relationships of the Caudata. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(10): 2235–2248. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst122

Shtegman B.K. 1938. Grundzüge der ornithogeographischen Gliederug des Paläarktischen Gebietes. Moskau–Leningrad, [4]+157 S. (Faune de l'URSS. Oiseaux, 1(2) [In Russian and German].

Smith S.A., de Oca A.N.M, Reeder T.W. and Wiens J.J. 2007. A phylogenetic perspective on elevational species richness patterns in Middle American treefrogs: why so few species in lowland tropical rainforests? Evolution, 61(5): 1188–1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00085.x

Smith S.A., Stephens P.R. and Wiens J.J. 2005. Replicate patterns of species richness, historical biogeography, and phylogeny in Holarctic treefrogs. Evolution, 59(11): 2433–2450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00953.x

Starobogatov Ya.I. 1964. On zoogeographical zoning of continental waterbodies of the Palearctic. Doklady of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 158(5): 1223–1226. [In Russian].

Starobogatov Ya.I. 1970. Fauna of Mollusks and Zoogeographical Zoning of Continental Waterbodies of the World. Nauka, Leningrad, 372 p. [In Russian].

Stuart B.L. 2008. The phylogenetic problem of Huia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46(1): 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016

Takhtajan A.L. 1978. The Floristic Regions of the World. Nauka, Leningrad, 247 p. [In Russian].

Tihen J.A. 1962. Osteological observations on New World Bufo. The American Midland Naturalist, Notre Dam (Indiana), 67(1): 157–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/2422826

Tolmachev A.I. 1974. Introduction to Geography of Plants. Leningrad, 244 p. [In Russian].

Udvardy M.D.F. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the World. Occasional Paper, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 18: 1–48.

Uzzell T. and Post T.J. 1986.Rana temporaria is not a member of the Rana boylii group. Systematic Zoology, 35(3): 414–421. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413391

Van Bocxlaer I., Biju S.D., Loader S.P. and Bossuyt F. 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats – Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131

Van Bocxlaer I., Loader S.P., Roelants K., Biju S.D., Menegon M. and Bossuyt F. 2010. Gradual adaptation toward a range-expansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science, Washington, 327(5966): 679–682. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1181707

Van Bocxlaer I., Roelants K., Biju S.D., Nagaraju J. & Bossuyt F. 2006. Late Cretaceous vicariance in Gondwanan amphibians. PloS ONE, 1(1): 1–6. e74. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000074

Van der Meijden A., Chiari Y., Mucedda M., Carranza S., Corti C. and Veith M. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 51(2): 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.011

Van der Meijden A., Vences M., Hoegg S., Boistel R., Channing A. and Meyer A. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (Family: Microhylidae) amd a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44(3): 1017–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008

Venczel M. and Sanchíz B. 2005. A fossil plethodontid salamander from the Middle Miocene of Slovakia (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden – Boston, 26(3): 408–411. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853805774408586

Vieites D.R., Min M.-S. and Wake D.B. 2007. Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington, 104(50): 19903–19907. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705056104

Vieites D.R., Zhang P. and Wake D.B. 2009. Salamanders (Caudata). In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (Eds.). The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York: 365–368.

Vieites D.R., Román S.N., Wake M.H. and Wake D.B. 2011. A multigenic perspective on phylogenetic relationships in the largest family of salamanders, the Plethodontidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59(3): 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.012

Voronov A.G., Drozdov N.N. and Myalo E.G. 1985. Biogeography of the World. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 272 p. [In Russian].

Vtorov P.P. and Drozdov N.N. 1974. Biogeography of Continents. Prosvescheniye, Moscow, 224 p. [In Russian].

Wake D.B. 2013. The enigmatic history of the European, Asian and American plethodontid salamanders. Amphibia–Reptilia, 34(3): 323–326. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002893

Wake D.B., Salvador A. and Alonso-Zarazaga M.A. 2005. Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Hydromantes (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Amphibia–Reptilia, Leiden–Boston, 26(4): 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853805774806188

Wallace A.R. 1876a. The Geographical Distribution of Animals with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the earth’s surface. In two volumes. – Volume I. Macmillan and Co., London, XXIV+503 p.

Wallace A.R. 1876b. The Geographical Distribution of Animals with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the earth’s surface. In two volumes. – Volume II. London: Macmillan and Co., X+607 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46581

Wallace A.R. 1883. On the value of the “Neoarctic” as one of the primary zoological regions. Nature, London and New York, 27(699), March 22: 482. https://doi.org/10.1038/027482b0

Wallace A.R. 1894. What are zoological regions? Nature, London and New York, 49(1278), April 26: 610–633. https://doi.org/10.1038/049610a0

Ward J.H. 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301): 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845

Wiens J.J., Kuczynski C.A., Hua X. and Moen D.S. 2010. An expanded phylogeny of treefrogs (Hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55(3): 871–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.013

Wiens J.J., Sukumaran J., Pyron R.A. and Brown R.M. 2009. Evolutionary and biogeographic origins of high tropical diversity in Old World frogs (Ranidae). Evolution, 63(5): 1217–1231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00610.x

Wilkinson M., San Mauro D., Sherrat E. and Gower D.J. 2011. A nine-family classification of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Zootaxa, Auckland (New Zealand), 2874: 41–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2874.1.3

Zhang P., Chen Y.-Q., Zhou H., Liu Y.-F., Wang X.-L., Papenfuss T.J. and Wake D.B. 2006. Phylogeny, evolution, and biogeography of Asiatic salamanders (Hynobiidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington, 103(19): 7360–7365. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602325103

Zhang P., Papenfuss T.J., Wake M.H., Qu L. and Wake D.B. 2008. Phylogeny and biogeography of the family Salamandridae (Amphibia: Caudata) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49(2): 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.020

Zhang P. and Wake D.B. 2009. Higher-level salamander relatioships and divergence dates inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53(2): 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.010

Zhang P., Zhou H., Chen Y.-Q., Liu Y.-F. and Qu L.-H. 2005. Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians. Systematic Biology, Philadelphia, 54(3): 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590945278

Zhao E. and Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Chinese Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford (Ohio, USA), 522 p., 48 color plates (Contributions to Herpetology, 10).

Zheng Y., Peng R., Kuroo M. and Zeng X. 2011. Exploring patterns and extent of bias in estimating divergence time from mitochondrial DNA sequence data in a particular lineage: a case study of salamanders (order Caudata). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28(9): 2521–2535. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr072

Yaroshenko P.D. 1975. General Biogeography. Mysl, Moscow,189 p. [In Russian].