Появление новых видов зоопланктона в водоемах дельты р. Лены

Е.Н. Абрамова и И.A. Жулай

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2016, 320(4): 473–487   ·   https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2016.320.4.473

Полный текст  

Резюме

В условиях потепления климата усиливается влияние р. Лены на пойменные водоемы её обширного водосборного бассейна. Речные воды, попавшие во время весеннего половодья в водоемы поймы, в дальнейшем способствуют пассивному расселению их фауны в северном направлении. В течение последних 15 лет в водных экосистемах южного участка дельты р. Лены неоднократно фиксировалось появление новых для фауны этого района видов зоопланктона. Семь «инвазивных» видов принадлежат к ветвистоусым ракообразным (Cladocera), четыре – к веслоногим (Copepoda) и один вид коловраток (Rotifera). Некоторые представители Cladocera – Sida crystallina (O.F. Muller, 1776), Limnosida frontosa (Sars, 1862), Diaphanasoma brachyurum (Lievin, 1848) и Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761) – неоднократно появлялись и исчезали из состава зоопланктона пойменных водоемов о. Самойловский в течение периода наблюдений. Другие [Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Muller, 1776)] образовали локальные популяции в пойменной части острова. Третьи (Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) и Holopedium gibberum Zaddach, 1855) начали постепенно расселяться из низкой поймы в озера первой надпойменной террасы с высотой до 10–16 м. Распространение покоящихся стадий гидробионтов, вероятнее всего, происходит при участии водоплавающих птиц. В годы с экстремально высоким весенним половодьем экспансии видов, не характерных для данного района, носят катастрофический характер. На примере H. gibberum показано, что массовые инвазии некоторых представителей зоопланктона могут вызвать быструю перестройку биоценоза водоема и нарушить экологическое равновесие в нем, приводя к паразитарным эпизоотиям.

Ключевые слова

биологические инвазии, дельта р. Лены, озерные экосистемы, речной сток, Holopedium gibberum

Поступила в редакцию 25 февраля 2016 г.  ·  Принята в печать 24 октября 2016 г.  ·  Опубликована 25 декабря 2016 г.

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