Влияние биотических и хозяйственно-антропогенных факторов на посещаемость искусственных солонцов и половозрастную структуру стада европейского лося, Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758), в условиях Северо-Запада России

Н.В. Седихин и А.В. Разыграев

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2022, 326(3): 172–189 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2022.326.3.172

Резюме

Проведена оценка связи посещаемости искусственных солонцов европейским лосем, Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758), с биотическими и хозяйственно-антропогенными факторами на территории Ленинградской области. При анализе были использованы сведения о посещаемости 19 мест минеральной подкормки, полученные с помощью автоматических фото-видеорегистраторов (фотоловушек). Среди биотических факторов, оказывающих значимое влияние на посещаемость, выявлены отдаленность солонца от непересыхающего водного объекта и биотопическая формация по живому напочвенному покрову. Среди хозяйственно-антропогенных факторов – отдаленность солонца от населенных пунктов с численностью населения более 500 человек. Аналогично оценивалась связь половозрастной структуры регистрируемого стада с факторами из тех же категорий. Помимо этого, оценивалось влияние регистрируемой численности различных половозрастных групп друг на друга. Установлена значимая зависимость регистрации взрослых самцов от площади водно-болотных угодий и линейных объектов (ЛЭП и газопроводы), расположенных в границах 1,500 га вокруг солонца, а также от отдаленности от населенных пунктов. Установлена значимая зависимость регистрации полуторагодовалых самцов от площади водно-болотных угодий вокруг солонца и количества регистрируемых взрослых самцов. Отмечена значимая зависимость количества регистрируемых взрослых самок от отдаленности солонца от непересыхающего водного объекта. В то же время, влияние какой-либо из групп биотопов на регистрируемую численность самок не подтверждено. Расчётный прирост на пробных участках зависим от соотношения полов регистрируемых особей. Влияние лимитирующих факторов (хищничество, кормовая база, промысловая нагрузка), действующих на популяции лосей, на пробных участках по используемым методикам не выявлено.

Ключевые слова

антропогенная нагрузка, биотоп, лось, половозрастная структура, солонец, фактор, фотоловушка, хищничество

Поступила в редакцию 11 апреля 2022 г. · Принята в печать 6 сентября 2022 г. · Опубликована 25 сентября 2022 г.

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