Изменчивость и ее формы: дифференциальный подход

О.Н. Тиходеев

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2018, 322(2): 185–201   ·   https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.2.185

Полный текст  

Резюме

Адекватное описание многообразия живых существ – одна из центральных задач современной биологии. Эта задача требует четкого терминологического аппарата. Между тем, многие понятия, традиционно используемые в подобных описаниях, крайне расплывчаты и неоднозначны. В частности, это касается понятия «изменчивость». В настоящем обзоре мы провели критический анализ данного понятия. Мы показали, что наиболее адекватной трактовкой изменчивости является способность живого претерпевать изменения. При этом широко распространенная традиция сводить изменчивость к биологическому разнообразию некорректна: изменчивость относится к всеобщим свойствам живого, применимым к каждому организму и к каждой клетке, в то время как разнообразие описывает не конкретные организмы или клетки, а их совокупности. Мы предлагаем четко разграничивать три явления: 1) изменчивость, 2) конкретные изменения живых существ и 3) биологическое разнообразие. Между ними прослеживается отчетливая трехзвенная связь: изменчивость реализуется в виде конкретных изменений (метаморфозов, мутаций, модификаций и т.п.), а те, в свою очередь, приводят к биологическому разнообразию. Первое звено здесь сугубо динамическое, во втором присутствуют и динамика, и статика (конкретное событие приводит к конкретному состоянию), а третье представлено неким статическим «кадастром», описывающим данную совокупность живых существ по ее состоянию на конкретный момент времени. Рассмотрены принципы классификации форм изменчивости. Показано, что в основе такой классификации лежит вычленение автономных аспектов изменчивости и подробный анализ каждого из них по отдельности. Данный подход (мы называем его дифференциальной концепцией изменчивости) позволяет успешно разрешить многие терминологические проблем современной биологии.

Ключевые слова

дифференциальная концепция изменчивости, изменчивость, свойства живого, формы изменчивости

Поступила в редакцию 10 января 2018 г.  ·  Принята в печать 4 июня 2018 г.  ·  Опубликована 25 июня 2018 г.

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