Филогеография прыткой ящерицы в Крыму по результатам анализа гена цитохрома b: древний рефугиум на полуострове, поздняя экспансия с севера и первые свидетельства гибридизации подвидов Lacerta agilis tauridica и L. a. exigua (Lacertidae: Sauria)

О.В. Кукушкин, О.А. Ермаков, А.Ю. Иванов, И.В. Доронин, Е.Ю. Свириденко, Е.П. Симонов, Р.А. Горелов, М.А. Храмова и И.Г. Блохин

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2020, 324(1): 56–99 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.1.56

Полный текст

Резюме

Зоны контакта ареалов близкородственных таксонов пресмыкающихся являются источником ценных сведений о микроэволюционных процессах в популяциях, истории формирования региональных фаун и экологических преференциях изучаемых форм. В фокусе нашего исследования находилась молекулярно-генетическая структура популяций прыткой ящерицы, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Крымского полуострова. Этот вид лацертид распространен в горно-лесной и равнинно-степной частях Крыма, на многих участках являясь фоновым, и представлен в Крыму двумя подвидами: широкоареальным восточным (L. a. exigua Eichwald, 1831), населяющим значительную часть Северной Евразии, и эндемичным горно-крымским (L. a. tauridica Suchow, 1927). Для 225 особей L. agilis из 81 локалитета в Крыму (с прилежащими территориями) была установлена принадлежность к митохондриальной гаплогруппе, соответствующей одному из подвидов: L. a. tauridica, L. a. exigua или L. a. chersonensis. Нуклеотидные последовательности полноразмерного гена цитохрома b митохондриальной ДНК (1143 п.н.) изучены у 75 особей L. agilis из 68 локалитетов. Генетическая дистанция между обитающими в Крыму подвидами, по молекулярному маркеру, составила 2.8%, что свидетельствует об их давней дивергенции, возраст которой может быть предварительно отнесен к рубежу раннего и среднего плейстоцена (около 1 млн. лет). Для L. a. tauridica характерна достаточно глубокая генетическая структурированность. Гаплотипы, занимающие обособленные позиции на филогенетическом древе данного подвида, выявлены на юго-западе Горного Крыма, что может быть связано с локализацией микрорефугиумов в районе полуострова, наименее затронутом похолоданием позднего плейстоцена. Генетическая структура L. a. exigua более однородна. Другим важным результатом стало выявление зон совместного обитания представителей гаплогрупп «exigua» и «tauridica», локализованных вдоль северной и восточной окраин Горного Крыма. Доля в популяциях особей гаплогруппы «exigua» снижается в направлении на запад и юг. Наблюдаемая картина пространственного распределения гаплогрупп, по-видимому, является результатом формирования в низкогорных местностях зоны гибридизации подвидов прыткой ящерицы при экспансии L. a. exigua в голоцене. Моделирование экологических ниш подвидов и анализ морфологической изменчивости ящериц дают дополнительные аргументы в пользу высказанного нами предположения о гибридизации L. a. exigua и L. a. tauridica в зоне контакта их ареалов в восточной части Горного Крыма.

Ключевые слова

биогеография, гибридизация, Крым, митохондриальная ДНК, плейстоцен, подвид, цитохром b, Lacerta agilis

Поступила в редакцию 25 июля 2019 г. · Принята в печать 17 февраля 2020 г. · Опубликована 24 марта 2020 г.

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