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The paper contains a survey of methods used and experience gained during the 25-year research of the influence of microclimate on the existence and development of parasitic arthropods at the Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Research methods by means of apparatuses, organization of long-term experiments and procedures in the assessment of results are described. An emphasis is put on the inter-disciplinary character of such working trend and on the advantage of creating complex working teams, in which the biologist must be the initiator and coordinator of the studies.

The levels of abundance, relations between developmental phases and sexes in intrapopulational groupings of the tick O. papillipes adapted to different buildings in settlements of the Namangan and Andizhan districts of Uzbekistan are discussed. The tendency to growth and stabilization of the share of nymphs and males with the increase in the number of groupings was revealed and the regulative character of this tendency was noted. The stable relation between sexes with a predominance of males, which is especially distinct in the spring-summer period, is characteristic of most species of thef amily that is stimulated by the ecological and evolutionary specificity of this group of ticks. The predominance of nymphs and among imagos of males in natural populations in summer is regarded as an index of the optimum state of populations.

The muscular system and elements of the skeleton of the ectoparasite of bats, the mite Spinturnix vespertiliones, are described. It has been shown that in spite of similarity of the muscular system of this mite to these of other species of gamasids some elements undergo adaptive changes due to constant parasitism of this species on mobile host. These changes include variations in the mite's habitus, adaptation of the mouth parts to bloodsucking, the presence of flexors on the basal cheliceral joint, fixation of coxae of all pairs of legs, considerable development of ventral apodemes of coxae, development of skeletal parts of the ambulacral apparatus, reduction of the opistosomal department and due to this the reduction of dorsoventral musculature of the opistosome which is represented by only three pairs of muscles-defecators.

The new species D. ushakovae belongs to the subgenus Serdjukovia Dias, 1963. In its limits the species is most close to D. marginatus Sulzer and D. niveus Neumann. It differs from the first species in a longer shape of male's idiosome, regular light pigment and characteristic punctation of scutum and conscutum; longer setae of female's alloscutum, more parallelsided peritrema, longer apical cone of tarsus I, longer coxa IV of the male. The new species differs from D. niveus in shorter cornua and backward orientation of their apexes, general proportions of the gnathosoma base, the absence of dorsal denticle on the 2nd joint of palps, smaller number and shorter length of setae on the female alloscutum in the areas between the median and cervical grooves. The new species is widely distributed in mountain areas of East Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Turkmenia, 500 to 1800 m above the sea level. It is characterized by a peculiar biotopical adaptation to non-flooded upper terraces of big and small mountain rivers and banks of mountain lakes with a tugai-type vegetation, brush and meadow steppes. D. ushakovae has parapatric relations with the close species D. marginatus and D. niveus. Golotype: Male. Kazakhstan, valley of the Ghilik river, from vegetation, 29 IV 1977, collector B. D. Lebedev. Preserved in the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Leningrad, NJ — 4535.

The specific composition of the family Ischnopsyllidae, distribution of its members depending on the season and habitats of their hosts, bats, in Pribaltic are considered. Observations were carried out during all seasons in basements, galleries and buildings. Fleas were examined for their physiological age and generative condition. 513 bats of 12 species were examined on which were collected 401 specimens of fleas of 8 species as follows: Nycteridopsylla pentactena, Myodopsylla trisellis, Ischnopsyllus hexactenus, I. variabilis, I. intermedius, I. simplex, I. obscurus, I. elongatus. From September to April no reproductive males of the genera Ischnopsyllus and Myodopsylla were found on hibernating bats.

Data on the ecology of geohelminths and epizootiology of main geohelminthoses of karakul sheep under conditions of desert-pasture biocoenoses of the Kizil-Kum in the Bukhara and Navoi districts of the Uzbek SSR are given. 23 species of geohelminths belonging to 14 genera and 8 families are reported from this zone. Age and seasonal dynamics of the infection rate of karakul sheep with geohelminths are established. Survival of eggs and larvae of some widely distributed geohelminths in central Кizil-Kum is determined. On the basis of results of investigations recommendations on the control of main helminthoses of karakul sheep in Bukhara and Navoi districts are worked out.

The structure of the pharynx is described in 7 species of the monogeneans from Gapsalidae, Jagotrematidae, Polystomatidae and Mazociaeidea. The structure of the pharynx in the monogeneans is discussed in comparison to that of Turbellaria Neorhabdocoela. The monogenean pharynx demonstrates some significant similarities with the pharynx of Typhloplanoida but is quite different from that of Dalyellioida. The elongated pharynx directed forward was not inherited from the turbellarian ancestor but evolved independently in different phylogenetic branches of Monogenea. The common opinion that Monogenea (and correspondingly, all Cercoraeromorpha) are close relatives of some Dalyellioida is to be rejected. Monogenea may be related only to Typhloplanoida, the most primitive group of the neorhabdocoelan tuibellarians.

The morphology and life cycle of the cestode Echinocotyle clanguli sp. n. parasitic in long-tailed ducks in East Subarctic are described. The new species differs from the earlier described hymenolepidids of this genus in comparatively large size (the cestode length is 56 to 89 mm), length of the proboscis hooks (49 to 51 µ), peculiar armature of adhesive suckers (thin cuticular spines covering the whole surface of suckers) and structure of the copulatory organ. Copulating couples of cestodes are described. The data on the developmental periods of the new species in the definitive and intermediate hosts were obtained.

The list of intermediate hosts of Bunodera luciopercae is given. In Lake Syamozero they are represented by crustaceans Heterocope, Ophryoxus. Data on their role in the ration of juvenile perch are given. Diurnal dynamics of the ratio between infected and non-infected plankton in feeding and the process of the formation of fish infection have been studied.

The mites of Hl. glasgowi are characterized by a mixed type of feeding (zoophagy, haematophagy and schizophagy). However, the best development and reproduction of mites took place when feeding on blood and living objects. At the combination of zoophagy and schizophagy as well as at the exclusive feeding on blood the reproduction of mites occurred less intensively. Alongside with gamogenesis parthenogenesis was noted in some generations of this species (unfertilized females produced progeny consisting of female and male individuals with the predominance of the latters).

Experiments have shown that the block of proventriciilus develops in 1.1 to 1.5% of individuals of the flea Neopsylla abagaitui infected with plague microbe. These insects transmit the agent during bloodsucking to different plague carriers (Citellus dauricus, C. undulatus, Meriones unguiculatus, Microtus gregalis). The plague microbe is preserved in fleas for 65 days (the observation period).

A new furcocercaria, Cercaria kazachstanica IX sp. n., was recorded in molluscs of Anisus acronicus in water bodies near Alma-Ata. It possesses a gigantic tail the trunk of which is provided with a membrane. Four pairs of penetration glands are situated on each side of the ventral sucker. The intestinal branches reach the hind end of the body.

The paper reports the results of experimental infection of a specific intermediate host, molluscs Bithinia inflata from differently susceptible populations, with Opisthorchis felineus in one opisthorchis nidus. Non-susceptibility of molluscs from resistant and hyperinfected populations to O. felineus infection is shown.

A new species of Ciliophora Apiosoma applanatum sp. n., was found on the body surface of the minnow from the Tuloma river (the Kola Peninsula). The description of the new species, its figure and differential diagnosis are given. The host, localisation of the parasite and place of its finding are indicated.

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